This is a list of plants (including trees, shrubs and grasses) that grow wild in Toronto, according to the Toronto Regional Conservation Authority (TRCA). People who live in the GTA should plant native species listed as L1 (rare) to L5 (common) in Toronto. They should avoid planting species listed as L+, which are introduced species not native to Toronto. LU signifies plants of unknown status. Lx designates plants believed to have been native to Toronto but no longer grow wild in the City.

A searchable database of Toronto’s native plants, trees, and shrubs is available at https://www.toronto.ca/services-payments/water-environment/live-green-toronto/help-native-bees-pollinators/native-plants-trees-shrubs/. This resource provides more details and pictures of each plant.

The list is alphabetical by Latin name, but can be searched (for example, by pressing Control+F or using your web browser’s “Find in Page” feature).

Scientific Name	Common Name		L-rank
Abies balsamea	balsam fir		L3
Abutilon theophrasti	velvet-leaf		L+
Acalypha rhomboidea	three-seeded mercury		L5
Acer campestre	hedge maple		L+
Acer ginnala	Amur maple		L+
Acer negundo	Manitoba maple		L+?
Acer nigrum	black maple		L4
Acer platanoides	Norway maple		L+
Acer pseudoplatanus	sycamore maple		L+
Acer rubrum var. rubrum	red maple		L4
Acer saccharinum	silver maple		L4
Acer saccharum	sugar maple		L5
Acer spicatum	mountain maple		L4
Acer tataricum	Tartar maple		L+
Acer x freemanii	hybrid swamp maple		L4
Achillea borealis var. borealis	woolly yarrow		L5
Achillea filipendulina	fern-leaved yarrow		L+
Achillea millefolium	European yarrow		L+
Achillea ptarmica	sneezeweed yarrow		L+
Acorus americanus	American sweet flag		L3
Acorus calamus	European sweet flag		L+
Actaea pachypoda	white baneberry		L5
Actaea racemosa	black snakeroot		LX
Actaea rubra f. neglecta	white form red baneberry		L5
Actaea rubra ssp. rubra	red baneberry		L5
Actaea x ludovici	hybrid baneberry		L4
Adiantum pedatum	northern maidenhair fern		L3
Adlumia fungosa	climbing fumitory		LX
Aegopodium podagraria	goutweed		L+
Aesculus glabra var. glabra	Ohio buckeye		L+
Aesculus hippocastanum	horse-chestnut		L+
Agalinis purpurea var. parviflora	small-flowered gerardia		L1
Agalinis purpurea var. purpurea	purple gerardia		LX
Agalinis tenuifolia	slender gerardia		L3
Agastache foeniculum	fennel giant hyssop		L+
Agastache nepetoides	catnip giant hyssop		LX
Agastache scrophulariifolia	figwort giant hyssop		L+
Ageratina altissima var. altissima	white snakeroot		L5
Ageratum houstonianum	garden ageratum		L+
Agrimonia gryposepala	agrimony		L5
Agrimonia pubescens	hairy agrimony		L3
Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum	crested wheat-grass		L+
Agrostemma githago var. githago	corn-cockle		L+
Agrostis gigantea	redtop		L+
Agrostis perennans	upland bent grass		L3
Agrostis scabra	ticklegrass		L3
Agrostis stolonifera	creeping bent grass		L+?
Ailanthus altissima	tree-of-heaven		L+
Ajuga genevensis	erect bugle		L+
Ajuga reptans	common bugle		L+
Akebia quinata	chocolate-vine		L+
Alcea rosea	hollyhock		L+
Alchemilla mollis	lady’s-mantle		L+
Alisma gramineum	grass-like water-plantain		L3
Alisma subcordatum	small-flowered water-plantain		L4
Alisma triviale	common water-plantain		L5
Alkekengi officinarum	Chinese lantern		L+
Alliaria petiolata	garlic mustard		L+
Allium ampeloprasum	garden leek		L+
Allium cepa	onion		L+
Allium giganteum	giant onion		L+
Allium sativum var. sativum	garlic		L+
Allium schoenoprasum var. schoenoprasum	chives		L+
Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum	wild chives		L+?
Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum	wild leek		L4
Allium tuberosum	onion		L+
Allium vineale	field garlic		L+
Alnus glutinosa	black alder		L+
Alnus glutinosa x incana ssp. rugosa	hybrid European-speckled alder		L+
Alnus incana ssp. incana	grey alder		L+
Alnus incana ssp. rugosa	speckled alder		L3
Alopecurus aequalis var. aequalis	short-awned foxtail		L3
Alopecurus geniculatus	marsh foxtail		L+?
Alopecurus pratensis	meadow foxtail		L+
Althaea hirsuta	rough marsh mallow		L+
Althaea officinalis	marsh mallow		L+
Alyssum alyssoides	yellow alyssum		L+
Amaranthus albus	tumbleweed		L+
Amaranthus blitoides	prostrate pigweed		L+
Amaranthus cruentus	purple pigweed		L+
Amaranthus hybridus ssp. hybridus	slender pigweed		L+
Amaranthus powellii	Powell’s pigweed		L+
Amaranthus retroflexus	red-root pigweed		L+
Ambrosia artemisiifolia	common ragweed		L5
Ambrosia psilostachya	perennial ragweed		L+
Ambrosia trifida	giant ragweed		L5
Amelanchier alnifolia	Saskatoon-berry		L+
Amelanchier amabilis	large-flowered serviceberry		L3
Amelanchier arborea	downy serviceberry		L4
Amelanchier interior	serviceberry complex		L4
Amelanchier laevis	smooth serviceberry		L5
Amelanchier sanguinea	round-leaved serviceberry		L4
Amelanchier spicata	running serviceberry		L3
Amelanchier x lamarckii	showy serviceberry		L4
Amorpha fruticosa	shrubby false indigo		L+
Amphicarpaea bracteata	hog-peanut		L5
Anaphalis margaritacea	pearly everlasting		L3
Anchistea virginica	Virginia chain-fern		L1
Anchusa officinalis	common alkanet		LU+
Andersonglossum boreale	northern hound’s tongue		LX
Andromeda polifolia var. latifolia	bog rosemary		L1
Andropogon gerardi	big bluestem		L3
Androsace septentrionalis	pygmy-flower		L+?
Anemonastrum canadense	Canada anemone		L5
Anemone cylindrica	long-fruited thimbleweed		L3
Anemone multifida var. multifida	red anemone		L2
Anemone quinquefolia var. quinquefolia	wood anemone		L3
Anemone virginiana	common thimbleweed		L5
Anethum graveolens	dill		L+
Angelica atropurpurea	angelica		L3
Antennaria howellii	Howell’s pussytoes (sensu lato)		L5
Antennaria howellii ssp. howellii	Howell’s pussytoes		L5
Antennaria howellii ssp. neodioica	small pussytoes		L3
Antennaria howellii ssp. petaloidea	sessile-leaved pussytoes		L3
Antennaria neglecta	field pussytoes		LU
Antennaria parlinii ssp. fallax	plantain-leaved pussytoes		L3
Anthemis arvensis	corn-chamomile		L+
Anthemis cotula	stinking mayweed		L+
Anthoxanthum hirtum	sweet grass		L1
Anthoxanthum odoratum	sweet vernal grass		L+
Anthriscus sylvestris	wild chervil		L+
Anticlea elegans	white camas		LX
Antirrhinum majus	snapdragon		L+
Apera spica-venti	silky bent grass		L+
Aphyllon uniflorum	one-flowered cancer-root		L1
Apios americana	ground-nut		L4
Aplectrum hyemale	putty-root		LX
Apocynum androsaemifolium	spreading dogbane		L5
Apocynum cannabinum	hemp dogbane (sensu lato)		L5
Apocynum cannabinum var. cannabinum	hemp dogbane		L5
Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium	clasping-leaved hemp dogbane		L5
Apocynum x floribundum	intermediate dogbane		L3
Aquilegia canadensis	wild columbine		L4
Aquilegia vulgaris	garden columbine		L+
Arabidopsis thaliana	mouse-ear cress		L+
Arabis procurrens	running rock-cress		L+
Arabis pycnocarpa	hairy rock-cress		L2
Aralia elata	Japanese angelica-tree		L+
Aralia hispida	bristly sarsaparilla		LX
Aralia nudicaulis	wild sarsaparilla		L5
Aralia racemosa	spikenard		L3
Arceuthobium pusillum	dwarf mistletoe		L1
Arctium lappa	great burdock		L+
Arctium minus	common burdock		L+
Arctium tomentosum	woolly burdock		L+
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	bear-berry		LX
Arenaria serpyllifolia var. serpyllifolia	thyme-leaved sandwort		L+
Arethusa bulbosa	dragon’s-mouth orchid		LX
Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum	Jack-in-the-pulpit		L5
Armoracia rusticana	horse-radish		L+
Aronia melanocarpa	black choke-berry		L3
Aronia x prunifolia	purple choke-berry		L+?
Arrhenatherum elatius	tall oat-grass		L+
Artemisia abrotanum	southernwood		L+
Artemisia absinthium	common wormwood		L+
Artemisia annua	sweet wormwood		L+
Artemisia biennis	biennial wormwood		L+
Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata	beach wormwood		L2
Artemisia dracunculus	tarragon		L+?
Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana	western mugwort		L+
Artemisia pontica	Roman wormwood		L+
Artemisia vulgaris	common mugwort		L+
Arum italicum	Italian lords-and-ladies		L+
Aruncus dioicus	bride’s feathers		L+
Asarum canadense	wild ginger		L4
Asclepias exaltata	poke milkweed		L2
Asclepias incarnata ssp. incarnata	swamp milkweed		L4
Asclepias sullivantii	smooth milkweed		LX
Asclepias syriaca	common milkweed		L5
Asclepias tuberosa ssp. interior	butterfly milkweed		LX
Asparagus officinalis	asparagus		L+
Asplenium platyneuron	ebony spleenwort		L2
Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis	Canada milk-vetch		L1
Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum	northeastern lady fern		L5
Atocion armeria	sweet William catchfly		L+
Atriplex heterosperma	Russian orache		L+
Atriplex hortensis	garden orache		L+
Atriplex patula	halberd-leaved orache		L+?
Atriplex prostrata	spreading orache		L+?
Atriplex rosea	red orache		L+
Aureolaria flava	yellow false foxglove		LX
Aureolaria pedicularia	fern-leaved false foxglove		LX
Avena fatua	wild oats		L+
Avena sativa	oats		L+
Avenella flexuosa	common hairgrass		L2
Axyris amaranthoides	Russian pigweed		L+
Barbarea vulgaris	winter cress		L+
Bassia scoparia	summer-cypress		L+
Beckmannia syzigachne	slough grass		L3
Bellis perennis	English daisy		L+
Berberis thunbergii	Japanese barberry		L+
Berberis vulgaris	common barberry		L+
Berteroa incana	hoary alyssum		L+
Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris	beet		L+
Betula alleghaniensis	yellow birch		L4
Betula papyrifera	paper birch		L4
Betula pendula	European white birch		L+
Betula pumila var. pumila	dwarf birch		L1
Betula x purpusii	hybrid fen birch		L2
Bidens beckii	water-marigold		L1
Bidens cernua	nodding bur-marigold		L5
Bidens discoidea	small beggar’s-ticks		L3
Bidens frondosa	common beggar’s-ticks		L5
Bidens tripartita	three-parted beggar’s-ticks		L5
Bidens vulgata	tall beggar’s-ticks		L5
Blitum bonus-henricus	good King Henry		L+
Blitum capitatum ssp. capitatum	strawberry-blite		L3
Boechera grahamii	divaricate rock-cress		LX
Boechera stricta	Drummond’s rock-cress		LX
Boehmeria cylindrica	false nettle		L4
Bolboschoenus fluviatilis	river bulrush		L3
Borago officinalis	borage		L+
Borodinia canadensis	sicklepod		L2
Borodinia laevigata	smooth rock-cress		L2
Botrychium angustisegmentum	triangle grape fern		LX
Botrychium matricariifolium	daisy-leaved grape fern		L1
Botrychium simplex var. simplex	least grape fern		LX
Botrypus virginianus	rattlesnake fern		L2
Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula	side-oats grama		L+
Brachyelytrum aristosum	northern short-husk		L3
Brachyelytrum erectum	bearded short-husk		L3
Brachyelytrum erectum s.l.	short-husk (sensu lato)		L4
Brasenia schreberi	water-shield		L1
Brassica juncea	brown mustard		L+
Brassica napus	rapeseed		L+
Brassica nigra	black mustard		L+
Brassica oleracea	kale		L+
Brassica rapa	turnip		L+
Briza media	quaking grass		L+
Bromus briziformis	quake-grass brome		L+
Bromus ciliatus	fringed brome grass		L3
Bromus commutatus	upright chess		L+
Bromus danthoniae	danthonia-like brome		L+
Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus	soft brome		L+
Bromus inermis	smooth brome grass		L+
Bromus japonicus	Japanese chess		L+
Bromus kalmii	Kalm’s brome		LX
Bromus latiglumis	eared brome		L4
Bromus porteri	Porter’s brome		L+
Bromus pubescens	Canada brome		L3
Bromus racemosus	spiked brome		L+
Bromus secalinus	cheat brome		L+
Bromus sterilis	barren brome		L+
Bromus tectorum	downy chess		L+
Brunnera macrophylla	Siberian bugloss		L+
Buglossoides arvensis	corn gromwell		L+
Butomus umbellatus	flowering-rush		L+
Buxus sempervirens	boxwood		L+
Cakile edentula ssp. edentula var. lacustris	sea-rocket		L2
Calamagrostis breviligulata ssp. breviligulata	marram grass		L2
Calamagrostis canadensis	Canada blue-joint		L4
Calamagrostis epigeios	feathertop		L+
Calamagrostis stricta ssp. inexpansa	northern reed grass		L2
Calamagrostis x acutiflora	feather reed grass		L+
Calendula officinalis	pot-marigold		L+
Calla palustris	water arum		L2
Callitriche palustris	marsh water star-wort		L3
Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus	grass pink		L1
Caltha palustris	marsh marigold		L4
Calypso bulbosa var. americana	calypso		LX
Calystegia sepium	hedge bindweed (sensu lato)		L5
Calystegia sepium ssp. americana	pink hedge bindweed		L5
Calystegia sepium ssp. Angulata	white hedge bindweed		L5
Calystegia spithamaea ssp. stans	low bindwind		L3
Camelina microcarpa	small-seeded false flax		L+
Camelina sativa	sown false flax		L+
Campanula intercedens	harebell		L1
Campanula persicifolia ssp. persicifolia	peach-leaved bellflower		L+
Campanula rapunculoides	creeping bellflower		L+
Campsis radicans	trumpet creeper		L+
Cannabis sativa	marijuana		L+
Capnoides sempervirens	pale corydalis		LX
Capsella bursa-pastoris	shepherd’s purse		L+
Caragana arborescens	Siberian pea-shrub		L+
Cardamine bulbosa	spring cress		L2
Cardamine concatenata	cut-leaved toothwort		L4
Cardamine dentata	American cuckoo-flower		L2
Cardamine diphylla	broad-leaved toothwort		L4
Cardamine douglassii	purple cress		L3
Cardamine flexuosa	wavy bittercress		L+
Cardamine hirsuta	hairy bitter cress		L+
Cardamine impatiens	balsam bitter cress		L+
Cardamine maxima	hybrid toothwort		L5
Cardamine pensylvanica	bitter cress		L4
Cardamine pratensis	European cuckoo-flower		L+
Carduus acanthoides ssp. acanthoides	plumeless thistle		L+
Carduus nutans ssp. nutans	nodding thistle		L+
Carex albicans var. albicans	blunt-scaled sedge		L2
Carex albursina	white bear sedge		L4
Carex alopecoidea	foxtail wood sedge		L3
Carex appalachica	Appalachian sedge		L2
Carex aquatilis	water sedge		L3
Carex arctata	nodding wood sedge		L5
Carex atherodes	awned sedge		L3
Carex aurea	golden-fruited sedge		L4
Carex backii	Back’s sedge		L3
Carex bebbii	Bebb’s sedge		L5
Carex billingsii	Billings’ three-seeded sedge		L1
Carex blanda	common wood sedge		L5
Carex brevior	short-fruited sedge		L3
Carex bromoides ssp. bromoides	brome-like sedge		L4
Carex brunnescens ssp. brunnescens	brownish sedge		L3
Carex buxbaumii	dark-scaled sedge		L2
Carex canescens	silvery sedge		L3
Carex castanea	chestnut-scaled sedge		L3
Carex cephaloidea	thin-leaved sedge		L4
Carex cephalophora	oval-headed sedge		L4
Carex chordorrhiza	creeping sedge		L2
Carex communis var. communis	fibrous-rooted sedge		L4
Carex comosa	bristly sedge		L3
Carex crawfordii	Crawford’s sedge		L3
Carex crinita var. crinita	fringed sedge		L3
Carex cristatella	crested sedge		L5
Carex cryptolepis	small yellow sedge		L2
Carex debilis var. rudgei	white-edged sedge		L3
Carex deweyana var. deweyana	Dewey’s sedge		L5
Carex diandra	lesser panicled sedge		L3
Carex digitalis	slender wood sedge		L3
Carex disperma	two-seeded sedge		L3
Carex divulsa	separated sedge		L+
Carex eburnea	bristle-leaved sedge		L3
Carex echinata ssp. echinata	little prickly sedge		L1
Carex echinodes	marsh straw sedge		L5
Carex flacca	heath sedge		L+
Carex flava	yellow sedge		L3
Carex formosa	handsome sedge		L2
Carex garberi	Garber’s sedge		L2
Carex gracilescens	rather slender sedge		L3
Carex gracillima	graceful sedge		L5
Carex granularis	meadow sedge		L5
Carex grayi	Gray’s sedge		L3
Carex grisea	grey sedge		L4
Carex gynandra	nodding sedge		L+?
Carex hirta	hammer sedge		L+
Carex hirtifolia	hairy wood sedge		L4
Carex hitchcockiana	Hitchcock’s sedge		L4
Carex houghtoniana	Houghton’s Sedge		L3
Carex hystericina	porcupine sedge		L4
Carex interior	fen star sedge		L3
Carex intumescens	bladder sedge		L4
Carex jamesii	James’ sedge		L3
Carex lacustris	lake-bank sedge		L4
Carex lacustris x trichocarpa	hybrid Paludosae sedge		L3
Carex laevivaginata	smooth-sheathed sedge		L3
Carex lasiocarpa ssp. americana	slender woolly sedge		L2
Carex laxiculmis var. laxiculmis	spreading wood sedge		L3
Carex laxiflora	loose-flowered sedge		L4
Carex leptalea	bristle-stalked sedge		L3
Carex leptonervia	few-nerved wood sedge		L3
Carex limosa	mud sedge		L2
Carex lupulina	hop sedge		L4
Carex lurida	sallow sedge		L3
Carex magellanica ssp. irrigua	stunted sedge		L2
Carex molesta	troublesome sedge		L3
Carex muehlenbergii var. muehlenbergii	Muhlenberg’s sedge		L3
Carex normalis	tall straw sedge		L3
Carex pallescens	pale sedge		L4
Carex pauciflora	few-flowered sedge		LX
Carex peckii	Peck’s sedge		L4
Carex pedunculata	early-flowering sedge		L5
Carex pellita	woolly sedge		L4
Carex pendula	hanging sedge		L+
Carex pensylvanica	Pennsylvania sedge		L4
Carex plantaginea	plantain-leaved sedge		L3
Carex platyphylla	broad-leaved sedge		L3
Carex praegracilis	freeway sedge		L+
Carex prairea	fen panicled sedge		L2
Carex prasina	drooping sedge		L3
Carex projecta	necklace sedge		L4
Carex pseudocyperus	pseudocyperus sedge		L4
Carex radiata	straight-styled sedge		L5
Carex retrorsa	retrorse sedge		L4
Carex rosea	curly-styled sedge		L5
Carex sartwellii	Sartwell’s sedge		L3
Carex scabrata	rough sedge		L4
Carex schweinitzii	Schweinitz’ sedge		L2
Carex scoparia	pointed broom sedge		L3
Carex siccata	hay sedge		L3
Carex sparganioides	bur-reed sedge		L5
Carex spicata	spiked sedge		L+
Carex sprengelii	long-beaked sedge		L4
Carex stipata var. stipata	awl-fruited sedge		L5
Carex stricta	tussock sedge		L4
Carex swanii	Swan’s sedge		L3
Carex sychnocephala	dense long-beaked sedge		L3
Carex sylvatica ssp. sylvatica	European woodland sedge		L+
Carex tenera	upland straw sedge		L4
Carex tenera s.l.	straw sedge (sensu lato)		L5
Carex tenuiflora	sparse-flowered sedge		L2
Carex tonsa var. rugosperma	red-seeded sedge		L3
Carex torta	twisted sedge		LX
Carex tribuloides var. tribuloides	blunt broom sedge		L4
Carex trichocarpa	hairy-fruited sedge		L3
Carex trisperma	three-seeded sedge		L3
Carex tuckermanii	Tuckerman’s sedge		L3
Carex utriculata	beaked sedge		L3
Carex vaginata	sheathed sedge		L2
Carex vesicaria	inflated sedge		L2
Carex viridula ssp. viridula	greenish sedge		L2
Carex vulpinoidea	fox sedge		L5
Carex woodii	purple-tinged sedge		L3
Carpinus betulus	European hornbeam		L+
Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana	blue beech		L4
Carum carvi	caraway		L+
Carya cordiformis	bitternut hickory		L4
Carya ovata var. ovata	shagbark hickory		L3
Castilleja coccinea	Indian paintbrush		LX
Catalpa speciosa	northern catalpa		L+
Caulophyllum giganteum	long-styled blue cohosh		L4
Caulophyllum thalictroides	blue cohosh		L3
Ceanothus americanus	New Jersey tea		L1
Ceanothus herbaceus	narrow-leaved New Jersey tea		LX
Celastrus orbiculatus	oriental bittersweet		L+
Celastrus orbiculatus x scandens	hybrid bittersweet		L+
Celastrus scandens	American bittersweet		L3
Celtis occidentalis	hackberry		L+
Cenchrus longispinus	sand-bur		L+
Centaurea cyanus	bachelor’s button		L+
Centaurea diffusa	diffuse knapweed		L+
Centaurea jacea	brown knapweed		L+
Centaurea macrocephala	big-headed knapweed		L+
Centaurea montana	montane knapweed		L+
Centaurea nigra	black knapweed		L+
Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos	spotted knapweed		L+
Centaurea x moncktonii	meadow knapweed		L+
Centaurium pulchellum	branching centaury		L+
Cephalanthus occidentalis var. occidentalis	buttonbush		L3
Cerastium arvense ssp. arvense	field chickweed		L+
Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare	mouse-ear chickweed		L+
Cerastium semidecandrum	small chickweed		L+
Cerastium tomentosum	snow-on-the-mountain		L+
Ceratophyllum demersum	coontail		L4
Ceratophyllum echinatum	spiny coontail		L2
Cercidiphyllum japonicum	katsura-tree		L+
Cercis canadensis var. canadensis	redbud		L+
Chaenomeles japonica	flowering quince		L+
Chaenorhinum minus ssp. minus	dwarf snapdragon		L+
Chamaedaphne calyculata	leatherleaf		L3
Chamaenerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium	fire-weed		L3
Chelidonium majus	celandine		L+
Chelone glabra	white turtlehead		L3
Chelone obliqua	slender pink turtlehead		L+
Chenopodiastrum simplex	maple-leaved goosefoot		L5
Chenopodium album	lamb’s quarters		L+
Chenopodium pratericola	meadow goosefoot		L+?
Chimaphila umbellata ssp. umbellata	pipsissewa		L2
Chrysosplenium americanum	golden saxifrage		L3
Cichorium intybus	chicory		L+
Cicuta bulbifera	bulblet-bearing water-hemlock		L5
Cicuta maculata var. maculata	spotted water-hemlock		L5
Cinna arundinacea	tall wood reed		L3
Cinna latifolia	nodding wood reed		L4
Circaea alpina ssp. alpina	smaller enchanter’s nightshade		L3
Circaea canadensis ssp. canadensis	enchanter’s nightshade		L5
Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		L+
Cirsium discolor	pasture thistle		L2
Cirsium muticum	swamp thistle		L1
Cirsium vulgare	bull thistle		L+
Citrullus lanatus ssp. lanatus	watermelon		L+
Cladium mariscoides	twig-rush		L1
Cladrastis kentukea	yellow-wood		L+
Claytonia caroliniana	broad-leaved spring beauty		L3
Claytonia virginica	narrow-leaved spring beauty		L3
Claytosmunda claytoniana	interrupted fern		L2
Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis	purple clematis		LX
Clematis virginiana	virgin’s bower		L5
Clinopodium acinos	mother-of-thyme		L+
Clinopodium vulgare ssp. vulgare	wild basil		L5
Clintonia borealis	bluebead lily		L3
Coeloglossum viride	bracted green orchid		LX
Collinsonia canadensis	horsebalm		L3
Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata	comandra		L2
Comarum palustre	marsh cinquefoil		L3
Commelina communis	Asiatic dayflower		L+
Comptonia peregrina	sweet-fern		L1
Conium maculatum	poison-hemlock		L+
Conopholis americana	American cancer-root		L1
Conringia orientalis	hare’s-ear mustard		L+
Convallaria majalis var. majalis	lily-of-the-valley		L+
Convolvulus arvensis	field bindweed		L+
Coptis trifolia	goldthread		L3
Corallorhiza maculata	spotted coral-root		L2
Corallorhiza odontorhiza	autumn coral-root		L2
Corallorhiza striata var. striata	striped coral-root		LX
Corallorhiza trifida	early coral-root		L1
Coreopsis grandiflora	large-flowered coreopsis		L+
Coreopsis lanceolata	lance-leaved coreopsis		L+
Coreopsis tinctoria	golden coreopsis		L+
Coreopsis tripteris	tall coreopsis		L+
Coriandrum sativum	coriander		L+
Corispermum americanum var. americanum	bugseed		L+
Cornus alba	Siberian dogwood		L+
Cornus alternifolia	alternate-leaved dogwood		L5
Cornus canadensis	bunchberry		L2
Cornus drummondii	rough-leaved dogwood		L+
Cornus mas	Cornelian-cherry		L+
Cornus obliqua	silky dogwood		L4
Cornus racemosa	grey dogwood		L5
Cornus rugosa	round-leaved dogwood		L4
Cornus sericea	red-osier dogwood		L5
Corydalis aurea ssp. aurea	golden corydalis		L3
Corydalis solida	pink European corydalis		L+
Corylus americana	American hazel		L3
Corylus avellana	European hazel		L+
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta	beaked hazel		L4
Corylus maxima	filbert		L+
Cosmos bipinnatus	cosmos		L+
Cota tinctoria	yellow chamomile		L+
Cotinus coggygria	European smoke-tree		L+
Cotoneaster divaricatus	bearberry cotoneaster		L+
Cotoneaster lucidus	Peking cotoneaster		L+
Cotoneaster villosulus	Taiping cotoneaster		L+
Crataegus brainerdii	Brainerd’s hawthorn		L2
Crataegus calpodendron	urn-fruited hawthorn		LX
Crataegus chrysocarpa	fireberry hawthorn (sensu lato)		L4
Crataegus chrysocarpa var. chrysocarpa	fireberry hawthorn		L3
Crataegus chrysocarpa var. phoeniceoides	glabrate fireberry hawthorn		L3
Crataegus coccinea var. coccinea	scarlet hawthorn		L5
Crataegus coccinea var. fulleriana	Fuller’s hawthorn		L4
Crataegus coccinea var. pringlei	Pringle’s hawthorn		L4
Crataegus coccinioides	conspecta hawthorn		L3
Crataegus crus-galli var. crus-galli	cockspur hawthorn		L2
Crataegus dodgei	Dodge’s hawthorn		L3
Crataegus flabellata	fan-leaved hawthorn		L3
Crataegus fluviatilis	pear-shaped hawthorn		L3
Crataegus holmesiana	Holmes’ hawthorn		L4
Crataegus intricata	Lang’s hawthorn		LX
Crataegus macracantha	long-spined hawthorn		L5
Crataegus macrosperma	variable hawthorn		L3
Crataegus mollis	downy hawthorn		L+?
Crataegus monogyna var. monogyna	English hawthorn		L+
Crataegus phaenopyrum	Washington hawthorn		L+
Crataegus populnea	adorned hawthorn		LX
Crataegus pruinosa	waxy hawthorn		L3
Crataegus punctata	dotted hawthorn		L5
Crataegus schuettei var. schuettei	rough hawthorn		L3
Crataegus submollis	Emerson’s hawthorn		L4
Crataegus succulenta var. succulenta	fleshy hawthorn		L3
Crataegus x ninae-celottiae	English-dotted hybrid hawthorn		L+
Crepis tectorum	narrow-leaved hawk’s beard		L+
Crocanthemum bicknellii	Bicknell’s frostweed		L1
Crocanthemum canadense	frostweed		L1
Crocus vernus	crocus		L+
Cryptotaenia canadensis	honewort		L5
Cryptotaenia japonica	Asiatic honewort		L+
Cucumis melo	melon		L+
Cucumis sativus var. sativus	cucumber		L+
Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo	gourd		L+
Cuscuta campestris	prairie dodder		L+?
Cuscuta gronovii	swamp dodder		L4
Cyclachaena xanthiifolia	marsh-elder		L+
Cycloloma atriplicifolium	winged pigweed		L+
Cymbalaria muralis	Kenilworth-ivy		L+
Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon	Bermuda grass		L+
Cynoglossum officinale	hound’s-tongue		L+
Cynosurus cristatus	dog-tail		L+
Cyperus bipartitus	two-parted umbrella-sedge		L3
Cyperus diandrus	low umbrella-sedge		L2
Cyperus engelmannii	Engelmann’s umbrella-sedge		L2
Cyperus erythrorhizos	red-rooted umbrella-sedge		L3
Cyperus esculentus var. leptostachyus	yellow nut-sedge		L+?
Cyperus fuscus	brown umbrella-sedge		L+
Cyperus lupulinus ssp. macilentus	slender umbrella-sedge		L3
Cyperus odoratus var. squarrosus	fragrant umbrella-sedge		L3
Cyperus schweinitzii	Schweinitz’s umbrella-sedge		L2
Cyperus strigosus	straw-coloured umbrella-sedge		L3
Cypripedium acaule	moccasin flower		L1
Cypripedium arietinum	ram’s-head lady’s-slipper		LX
Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin	smaller yellow lady’s-slipper		L3
Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens	larger yellow lady’s-slipper		L3
Cypripedium reginae	showy lady’s-slipper		L2
Cystopteris bulbifera	bulblet fern		L4
Cystopteris tenuis	Mackay’s fragile fern		L3
Cytisus scoparius	Scotch broom		L+
Dactylis glomerata	orchard grass		L+
Danthonia spicata	poverty oat grass		L4
Daphne mezereum	daphne		L+
Datura innoxia	big-flowered jimsonweed		L+
Datura stramonium	jimsonweed		L+
Daucus carota	Queen Anne’s lace		L+
Decodon verticillatus	swamp loosestrife		L2
Delphinium ajacis	larkspur		L+
Dendrolycopodium dendroideum	round-branched ground-pine		L2
Dendrolycopodium hickeyi	Hickey’s ground-pine		L1
Dendrolycopodium obscurum	ground-pine		L1
Dennstaedtia punctilobula	hay-scented fern		L2
Deparia acrostichoides	silvery glade fern		L3
Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. cespitosa	small-flowered tufted hairgrass		L+
Descurainia pinnata ssp. brachycarpa	tansy mustard		L+
Descurainia sophia	flixweed		L+
Desmodium canadense	showy tick-trefoil		L5
Desmodium perplexum	panicled tick-trefoil		LX
Dianthus armeria ssp. armeria	Deptford pink		L+
Dianthus barbatus ssp. barbatus	sweet William		L+
Dianthus deltoides ssp. deltoides	maiden pink		L+
Dianthus plumarius ssp. plumarius	garden pink		L+
Dicentra canadensis	squirrel-corn		L3
Dicentra cucullaria	Dutchman’s breeches		L3
Dichanthelium clandestinum	deer-tongue panic grass		L3
Dichanthelium columbianum	Columbia panic grass		L3
Dichanthelium implicatum	hairy panic grass		L4
Dichanthelium latifolium	broad-leaved panic grass		L2
Dichanthelium lindheimeri	Lindheimer’s panic grass		L2
Dichanthelium linearifolium	narrow-leaved panic grass		L2
Dichanthelium oligosanthes ssp. oligosanthes	few-flowered panic grass		L2
Dichanthelium perlongum	long-stalked panic grass		L2
Dichanthelium praecocius	hairy panic grass		LX
Dichanthelium xanthophysum	yellow panic grass		L2
Diervilla lonicera	bush honeysuckle		L5
Diervilla sessilifolia	southern bush honeysuckle		L+
Digitalis grandiflora	yellow foxglove		L+
Digitalis lanata	Grecian foxglove		L+
Digitaria ischaemum	smooth crab grass		L+
Digitaria sanguinalis	hairy crab grass		L+
Diphasiastrum digitatum	crowfoot club-moss		L2
Diphasiastrum tristachyum	ground-cedar		L1
Diplotaxis muralis	wall rocket		L+
Diplotaxis tenuifolia	slender-leaved wall rocket		L+
Dipsacus fullonum	teasel		L+
Dirca palustris	leatherwood		L3
Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata	flat-topped aster		L3
Doronicum plantagineum	leopard’s bane		L+
Draba verna	spring whitlow-grass		L+
Dracocephalum parviflorum	American dragonhead		L+
Drosera intermedia	spatulate-leaved sundew		LX
Drosera rotundifolia	round-leaved sundew		L1
Drymocallis arguta	tall cinquefoil		L3
Dryopteris carthusiana	spinulose wood fern		L5
Dryopteris clintoniana	Clinton’s wood fern		L3
Dryopteris cristata	crested wood fern		L4
Dryopteris filix-mas ssp. brittonii	male fern		L3
Dryopteris goldieana	Goldie’s fern		L2
Dryopteris intermedia	evergreen wood fern		L4
Dryopteris marginalis	marginal wood fern		L4
Dryopteris x benedictii	Benedict’s wood fern		L3
Dryopteris x boottii	Boott’s wood fern		L3
Dryopteris x burgessii	Burgess’ wood fern		L3
Dryopteris x dowellii	Dowell’s wood fern		L3
Dryopteris x neowherryi	Goldie’s-marginal hybrid wood fern		L3
Dryopteris x slossoniae	Slosson’s wood fern		L3
Dryopteris x triploidea	confusing hybrid wood fern		L5
Dryopteris x uliginosa	spinulose-crested hybrid wood fern		L2
Dulichium arundinaceum	three-way sedge		L3
Dysphania botrys	Jerusalem-oak		L+
Echinacea pallida	pale purple coneflower		L+
Echinacea purpurea	purple coneflower		L+
Echinochloa crus-galli	barnyard grass		L+
Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya	small-spiked barnyard grass		L5
Echinocystis lobata	wild cucumber		L5
Echinops sphaerocephalus	common globe-thistle		L+
Echium vulgare	viper’s bugloss		L+
Eichhornia crassipes	water-hyacinth		L+
Elaeagnus angustifolia	Russian olive		L+
Elaeagnus commutata	silver-berry		L+
Elaeagnus umbellata	autumn olive		L+
Eleocharis acicularis	needle spike-rush		L3
Eleocharis elliptica	elliptic spike-rush		L2
Eleocharis erythropoda	creeping spike-rush		L5
Eleocharis flavescens var. olivacea	olive-fruited spike-rush		L1
Eleocharis intermedia	matted spike-rush		L2
Eleocharis obtusa	blunt spike-rush		L4
Eleocharis palustris	Small’s spike-rush		L3
Eleocharis quinqueflora	few-flowered spike-rush		L2
Eleusine indica	goose grass		L+
Eleutherococcus sieboldianus	five-fingered aralia		L+
Elodea canadensis	common water-weed		L4
Elodea nuttallii	Nuttall’s water-weed		L3
Elymus canadensis var. canadensis	Canada wild rye		L4
Elymus hystrix	bottle-brush grass		L4
Elymus repens	quack grass		L+
Elymus riparius	riverbank wild rye		L4
Elymus trachycaulus	slender wheat grass		L2
Elymus villosus	hairy wild rye		L2
Elymus virginicus var. virginicus	Virginia wild rye		L5
Elymus wiegandii	Wiegand’s wild rye		L3
Endotropis alnifolia	alder-leaved buckthorn		L3
Epifagus virginiana	beech-drops		L4
Epigaea repens	trailing arbutus		LX
Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum	sticky willow-herb		L5
Epilobium coloratum	purple-leaved willow-herb		L5
Epilobium hirsutum	European willow-herb		L+
Epilobium leptophyllum	narrow-leaved willow-herb		L3
Epilobium parviflorum	small-flowered willow-herb		L+
Epilobium strictum	downy willow-herb		L3
Epipactis helleborine	helleborine		L+
Equisetum arvense	field horsetail		L5
Equisetum fluviatile	water horsetail		L3
Equisetum hyemale ssp. affine	scouring-rush		L5
Equisetum palustre	marsh horsetail		L1
Equisetum pratense	thicket horsetail		L3
Equisetum scirpoides	dwarf scouring-rush		L3
Equisetum sylvaticum	woodland horsetail		L3
Equisetum variegatum ssp. variegatum	variegated scouring-rush		L4
Equisetum x ferrissii	Ferriss’ scouring-rush		L3
Equisetum x litorale	shore horsetail		L3
Equisetum x mackayi	Mack’s scouring-rush		L3
Equisetum x nelsonii	Nelson’s scouring-rush		L3
Eragrostis cilianensis	stink grass		L+
Eragrostis frankii	Frank’s love grass		L+?
Eragrostis hypnoides	moss-like love grass		L3
Eragrostis minor	little love grass		L+
Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea	tufted love grass		L+?
Eragrostis spectabilis	purple love grass		L+?
Eranthis hyemalis	winter aconite		L+
Erechtites hieraciifolius var. hieraciifolius	burnweed		L3
Erigenia bulbosa	harbinger-of-spring		LX
Erigeron annuus	daisy fleabane		L5
Erigeron canadensis	horse-weed		L5
Erigeron philadelphicus var. philadelphicus	Philadelphia fleabane		L5
Erigeron pulchellus var. pulchellus	Robin’s plantain		L2
Erigeron strigosus	rough fleabane		L5
Eriophorum gracile ssp. gracile	slender cotton-grass		L1
Eriophorum tenellum	rough cotton-grass		L1
Eriophorum vaginatum ssp. spissum	dense cotton-grass		L1
Eriophorum virginicum	tawny cotton-grass		L1
Eriophorum viridicarinatum	thin-leaved cotton-grass		L1
Erodium cicutarium ssp. cicutarium	filaree		L+
Erucastrum gallicum	dog mustard		L+
Eryngium planum	flat sea-holly		L+
Erysimum capitatum	western wall-flower		L+
Erysimum cheiranthoides	wormseed mustard		L+
Erysimum hieraciifolium	hawkweed-leaved mustard		L+
Erysimum inconspicuum	small-flowered prairie rocket		L+
Erythranthe geyeri	smooth monkey-flower		LX
Erythranthe moschata	musk-flower		L2
Erythronium albidum	white trout-lily		L3
Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum	yellow trout-lily		L5
Euonymus alatus	winged spindle-tree		L+
Euonymus atropurpureus	burning bush		L2
Euonymus europaeus	European spindle-tree		L+
Euonymus fortunei	wintercreeper euonymus		L+
Euonymus obovatus	running strawberry-bush		L3
Eupatorium altissimum	tall boneset		L+
Eupatorium perfoliatum	boneset		L5
Euphorbia cyparissias	cypress spurge		L+
Euphorbia dentata	toothed spurge		L+
Euphorbia glyptosperma	ridge-seeded spurge		L+?
Euphorbia helioscopia	sun spurge		L+
Euphorbia hirta	asthma spurge		L+
Euphorbia maculata	spotted spurge		L+?
Euphorbia marginata	snow-on-the-mountain		L+
Euphorbia nutans	nodding spurge		L+?
Euphorbia peplus	petty spurge		L+
Euphorbia platyphyllos	broad-leaved spurge		L+
Euphorbia polygonifolia	seaside spurge		L2
Euphorbia serpillifolia ssp. serpillifolia	thyme-leaved spurge		L+
Euphorbia vermiculata	hairy spurge		L+?
Euphorbia virgata	Russian leafy spurge		L+
Euphorbia x pseudoesula	hybrid spurge		L+
Euphrasia stricta	European eyebright		L+
Eurybia divaricata	white wood aster		L2
Eurybia macrophylla	big-leaved aster		L5
Eurybia schreberi	Schreber’s aster		LX
Euthamia graminifolia	grass-leaved goldenrod		L5
Eutrochium fistulosum	hollow-stemmed Joe-Pye weed		L+
Eutrochium maculatum var. maculatum	spotted Joe-Pye weed		L5
Eutrochium purpureum var. purpureum	sweet Joe-Pye weed		L2
Fagopyrum esculentum	buckwheat		L+
Fagus grandifolia	American beech		L4
Fallopia baldschuanica	silver-lace vine		L+
Fallopia cilinodis	fringed black bindweed		L3
Fallopia convolvulus	black bindweed		L+
Fallopia scandens	climbing false buckwheat		L3
Festuca filiformis	hair fescue		L+
Festuca rubra ssp. rubra	red fescue		L+
Festuca subverticillata	nodding fescue		L4
Festuca trachyphylla	hard fescue		L+
Ficaria verna	lesser celandine		L+
Filipendula rubra	queen-of-the-prairie		L+
Filipendula ulmaria	queen-of-the-meadow		L+
Filipendula vulgaris	dropwort		L+
Floerkea proserpinacoides	false mermaid		L2
Forsythia suspensa	weeping forsythia		L+
Forsythia viridissima	forsythia		L+
Forsythia x intermedia	border forsythia		L+
Fragaria vesca ssp. americana	woodland strawberry		L5
Fragaria virginiana	wild strawberry (sensu lato)		L5
Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca	blue-leaved wild strawberry		L5
Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana	common wild strawberry		L5
Fragaria x ananassa	domestic strawberry		L+
Frangula alnus	glossy buckthorn		L+
Fraxinus americana	white ash		L5
Fraxinus excelsior	European ash		L+
Fraxinus nigra	black ash		L4
Fraxinus pennsylvanica	red ash		L5
Fraxinus quadrangulata	blue ash		L+
Fritillaria meleagris	snake-lily		L+
Fumaria officinalis	common fumitory		L+
Gaillardia aristata	blanket-flower		L+
Galanthus nivalis	snowdrop		L+
Galearis spectabilis	showy orchis		L1
Galega officinalis	goat’s-rue		L+
Galeopsis speciosa	large-flowered hemp-nettle		L+
Galeopsis tetrahit	hemp-nettle		L+
Galinsoga parviflora var. parviflora	small-flowered galinsoga		L+
Galinsoga quadriradiata	hairy galinsoga		L+
Galium aparine	cleavers		L5
Galium asprellum	rough bedstraw		L5
Galium boreale	northern bedstraw		L3
Galium circaezans	white wild licorice		L3
Galium labradoricum	Labrador bedstraw		L2
Galium lanceolatum	wild licorice		L3
Galium mollugo	white bedstraw		L+
Galium obtusum	obtuse bedstraw		L3
Galium odoratum	sweet woodruff		L+
Galium palustre	marsh bedstraw		L5
Galium rivale	riverbank bedstraw		L+
Galium sylvaticum	wood bedstraw		L+
Galium tinctorium	stiff marsh bedstraw		L3
Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum	small bedstraw		L4
Galium triflorum	sweet-scented bedstraw		L5
Galium verum	yellow bedstraw		L+
Gaultheria hispidula	creeping snowberry		L1
Gaultheria procumbens	wintergreen		L2
Gaylussacia baccata	black huckleberry		L2
Gentiana andrewsii f. albiflora	white bottle gentian		L2
Gentiana andrewsii var. andrewsii	bottle gentian		L2
Gentiana puberulenta	downy gentian		LX
Gentianella quinquefolia ssp. quinquefolia	stiff gentian		L1
Gentianopsis crinita	fringed gentian		L2
Geranium bicknellii	Bicknell’s crane’s-bill		L3
Geranium macrorrhizum	zdravets		L+
Geranium maculatum	wild geranium		L4
Geranium molle	dove’s-foot crane’s-bill		L+
Geranium phaeum	mourning crane’s-bill		L+
Geranium pusillum	small-flowered crane’s-bill		L+
Geranium robertianum	herb Robert		L+?
Geranium sanguineum	bloody crane’s-bill		L+
Geranium sibiricum	Siberian crane’s-bill		L+
Geum aleppicum	yellow avens		L5
Geum canadense	white avens		L5
Geum fragarioides	barren strawberry		L4
Geum laciniatum	cut-leaved avens		L4
Geum rivale	water avens		L3
Geum triflorum var. triflorum	prairie smoke		L+
Geum urbanum	urban avens		L+
Geum x catlingii	hybrid avens		L+
Gillenia trifoliata	Indian physic		LX
Ginkgo biloba	ginkgo		L+
Glechoma hederacea	creeping Charlie		L+
Gleditsia triacanthos	honey locust		L+
Glyceria borealis	northern manna grass		L3
Glyceria canadensis var. canadensis	rattlesnake grass		L2
Glyceria grandis var. grandis	tall manna grass		L5
Glyceria maxima	giant manna grass		L+
Glyceria septentrionalis var. septentrionalis	eastern manna grass		L3
Glyceria striata var. striata	fowl manna grass		L5
Gnaphalium uliginosum	low cudweed		L+
Goodyera pubescens	downy rattlesnake-plantain		L1
Goodyera repens	dwarf rattlesnake-plantain		LX
Gratiola neglecta	clammy hedge-hyssop		L2
Grindelia squarrosa	gumweed		L+
Gymnocarpium dryopteris	oak fern		L3
Gymnocladus dioicus	Kentucky coffee-tree		L+
Gypsophila paniculata	baby’s breath		L+
Gypsophila vaccaria	Spanish cow-herb		L+
Hackelia deflexa ssp. americana	nodding stickseed		L2
Hackelia virginiana	Virginia stickseed		L5
Hamamelis virginiana	witch-hazel		L3
Hedeoma hispida	rough pennyroyal		L2
Hedeoma pulegioides	American pennyroyal		L2
Hedera helix	English ivy		L+
Helenium autumnale	sneezeweed		L+?
Helianthus annuus	common sunflower		L+
Helianthus decapetalus	thin-leaved sunflower		L3
Helianthus divaricatus	woodland sunflower		L3
Helianthus giganteus	tall sunflower		LX
Helianthus maximiliani	Maximilian’s sunflower		L+
Helianthus pauciflorus ssp. subrhomboideus	prairie sunflower		L+
Helianthus strumosus	pale-leaved sunflower		L4
Helianthus tuberosus	Jerusalem artichoke		L5
Heliopsis helianthoides	ox-eye		L2
Helleborus orientalis	Lenten rose		L+
Hemerocallis fulva	orange day-lily		L+
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus	yellow day-lily		L+
Hepatica acutiloba	sharp-lobed hepatica		L3
Hepatica americana	round-lobed hepatica		L2
Heracleum mantegazzianum	giant hog-weed		L+
Heracleum maximum	cow-parsnip		L5
Heracleum sphondylium	hog-parsnip		L+
Hesperis matronalis	dame’s rocket		L+
Heteranthera dubia	water star-grass		L2
Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. moscheutos	swamp rose-mallow		L+?
Hibiscus syriacus	rose-of-Sharon		L+
Hibiscus trionum	flower-of-an-hour		L+
Hieracium lachenalii	blotched hawkweed		L+
Hieracium murorum	wall hawkweed		L+
Hieracium scabrum	rough hawkweed		LX
Hieracium umbellatum	Canada hawkweed		L3
Hieracium venosum	rattlesnake-weed		LU
Hippophae rhamnoides	sea-buckthorn		L+
Hippuris vulgaris	mare’s tail		LX
Holcus lanatus	velvet grass		L+
Holosteum umbellatum ssp. umbellatum	jagged chickweed		L+
Homalosorus pycnocarpos	glade fern		L2
Hordeum jubatum ssp. jubatum	squirrel-tail barley		L+
Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare	barley		L+
Hosta ventricosa	hosta		L+
Houstonia caerulea	bluets		LX
Houstonia longifolia	long-leaved bluets		L2
Humulus japonicus	Japanese hops		L+
Humulus lupulus	common hops		L+?
Huperzia lucidula	shining club-moss		L1
Hyacinthoides hispanica	Spanish bluebell		L+
Hyacinthus orientalis	hyacinth		L+
Hydrangea macrophylla	big-leaved hydrangea		L+
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae	European frog-bit		L+
Hydrocotyle americana	marsh pennywort		L4
Hydrophyllum canadense	Canada waterleaf		L3
Hydrophyllum virginianum var. virginianum	Virginia waterleaf		L5
Hylodesmum glutinosum	pointed-leaved tick-trefoil		L3
Hylodesmum nudiflorum	naked-flowered tick-trefoil		L1
Hylomecon japonica	Japanese wood poppy		L+
Hylotelephium spectabile	showy stonecrop		L+
Hylotelephium telephium	live-forever		L+
Hyoscyamus niger	black henbane		L+
Hypericum ascyron ssp. pyramidatum	great St. John’s-wort		L4
Hypericum canadense	Canada St. John’s-wort		L2
Hypericum hirsutum	hairy St. John’s-wort		L+
Hypericum majus	larger Canada St. John’s-wort		L2
Hypericum perforatum ssp. perforatum	common St. John’s-wort		L+
Hypericum prolificum	shrubby St. John’s-wort		L1
Hypericum punctatum	spotted St. John’s-wort		L2
Hypochaeris radicata	cat’s ear		L+
Hypopitys monotropa	pinesap		L3
Hypoxis hirsuta	yellow star-grass		LX
Hyssopus officinalis	hyssop		L+
Iberis umbellata	globe candytuft		L+
Ilex mucronata	mountain holly		L3
Ilex verticillata	winterberry		L3
Impatiens balsamina	garden balsam		L+
Impatiens capensis	orange touch-me-not		L5
Impatiens glandulifera	Himalayan balsam		L+
Impatiens pallida	yellow touch-me-not		L4
Impatiens parviflora	small flowered touch-me-not		L+
Inula britannica	British elecampane		L+
Inula helenium	elecampane		L+
Inula racemosa	Indian elecampane		L+
Ipomoea hederacea	ivy-leaved morning-glory		L+
Ipomoea purpurea	common morning-glory		L+
Iris pseudacorus	yellow flag		L+
Iris sibirica	Siberian blue flag		L+
Iris versicolor	blue flag		L3
Iris virginica var. shrevei	southern blue flag		L4
Iris x germanica	garden iris		L+
Isatis tinctoria	dyer’s woad		L+
Isotrema macrophyllum	Dutchman’s-pipe		L+
Jacobaea vulgaris	stinking Willie ragwort		L+
Jeffersonia diphylla	twinleaf		L2
Juglans ailantifolia	Japanese walnut		L+
Juglans cinerea	butternut		L3
Juglans nigra	black walnut		L5
Juglans regia	English walnut		L+
Juglans x bixbyi	buartnut		L+
Juncus acuminatus	sharp-fruited rush		L2
Juncus alpinoarticulatus ssp. americanus	Richardson’s rush		L3
Juncus articulatus ssp. articulatus	jointed rush		L5
Juncus balticus ssp. littoralis	Baltic rush		L4
Juncus brachycephalus	small-headed rush		L2
Juncus brevicaudatus	short-tailed rush		L2
Juncus bufonius	toad rush		L5
Juncus canadensis	Canada rush		L1
Juncus compressus	round-fruited rush		L+
Juncus dudleyi	Dudley’s rush		L5
Juncus effusus s.l.	soft rush (sensu lato)		L5
Juncus effusus ssp. solutus	soft rush		L3
Juncus gerardi	black-grass rush		L+
Juncus nodosus	knotted rush		L4
Juncus pylaei	Pylaie’s rush		L4
Juncus tenuis	path rush		L5
Juncus torreyi	Torrey’s rush		L5
Juniperus chinensis	Chinese juniper		L+
Juniperus communis var. depressa	common juniper		L3
Juniperus horizontalis	creeping juniper		L3
Juniperus horizontalis x virginiana	hybrid juniper		L3
Juniperus sabina	savin juniper		L+
Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana	red cedar		L5
Juniperus x pfitzeriana	pfitzer juniper		L+
Kali collinum	Russian thistle		L+
Kali tragus	Russian thistle		L+
Kalmia polifolia	bog laurel		L2
Kerria japonica	Japanese kerria		L+
Kickxia elatine	sharp-leaved cancerwort		L+
Knautia arvensis	field scabious		L+
Koelreuteria paniculata	golden-rain tree		L+
Kolkwitzia amabilis	beauty bush		L+
Lactuca biennis	tall blue lettuce		L4
Lactuca canadensis	wild lettuce		L4
Lactuca saligna	willow-leaved lettuce		L+
Lactuca serriola	prickly lettuce		L+
Lamium amplexicaule	henbit		L+
Lamium galeobdolon	golden archangel		L+
Lamium maculatum	spotted dead-nettle		L+
Lamium purpureum	purple dead-nettle		L+
Lamprocapnos spectabilis	bleeding hearts		L+
Laportea canadensis	wood nettle		L5
Lappula squarrosa	Eurasian stickseed		L+
Lapsana communis	nipplewort		L+
Larix decidua	European larch		L+
Larix laricina	tamarack		L3
Larix x pendula	European-tamarack hybrid larch		L+
Lathyrus japonicus	beach pea		L2
Lathyrus latifolius	everlasting pea		L+
Lathyrus ochroleucus	pale vetchling		LX
Lathyrus odoratus	sweet pea		L+
Lathyrus palustris	marsh vetchling		L2
Lathyrus pratensis	yellow vetchling		L+
Lathyrus sylvestris	narrow-leaved everlasting pea		L+
Lathyrus tuberosus	tuberous vetchling		L+
Lechea intermedia var. intermedia	pinweed		L2
Leersia oryzoides	rice cut grass		L5
Leersia virginica	white grass		L4
Lemna minor	common duckweed		L5
Lemna trisulca	star duckweed		L3
Lemna turionifera	turion duckweed		L5
Leontodon saxatilis ssp. saxatilis	rough hawkbit		L+
Leonurus cardiaca ssp. cardiaca	motherwort		L+
Lepidium campestre	field pepper-grass		L+
Lepidium chalepense	lens-pod white-top		L+
Lepidium coronopus	small-scaled swine cress		L+
Lepidium densiflorum	common pepper-grass		L+?
Lepidium perfoliatum	clasping pepper-grass		L+
Lepidium ramosissimum	branched peppergrass		L+
Lepidium ruderale	roadside pepper-grass		L+
Lepidium sativum	garden cress		L+
Lepidium virginicum ssp. virginicum	Virginia pepper-grass		L4
Lespedeza capitata	round-headed bush-clover		L3
Lespedeza hirta	hairy bush-clover		L1
Leucanthemum maximum	Shasta daisy		L+
Leucanthemum vulgare	ox-eye daisy		L+
Levisticum officinale	lovage		L+
Liatris cylindracea	cylindric blazing-star		L1
Liatris spicata var. spicata	spike blazing-star		L2
Ligularia dentata	summer ragwort		L+
Ligustrum obtusifolium	Amur privet		L+
Ligustrum vulgare	privet		L+
Lilium lancifolium	tiger lily		L+
Lilium michiganense	Michigan lily		L3
Lilium philadelphicum	wood lily		LX
Linaria dalmatica ssp. dalmatica	Dalmatian toadflax		L+
Linaria vulgaris	butter-and-eggs		L+
Lindera benzoin	spice-bush		L2
Lindernia dubia var. dubia	false pimpernel		L3
Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora	twinflower		L2
Linum medium var. medium	stiff yellow flax		LX
Linum perenne	perennial flax		L+
Linum usitatissimum	common flax		L+
Linum virginianum	Virginia yellow flax		LX
Liparis loeselii	Loesel’s twayblade		L3
Liriope spicata	lily-turf		L+
Lithospermum latifolium	American gromwell		LX
Lithospermum officinale	Eurasian gromwell		L+
Lithospermum parviflorum	hairy false gromwell		LX
Lobelia cardinalis	cardinal flower		L1
Lobelia erinus	bedding lobelia		L+
Lobelia inflata	Indian tobacco		L3
Lobelia kalmii	Kalm’s lobelia		L2
Lobelia siphilitica	great blue lobelia		L3
Lobelia spicata	pale-spiked lobelia		L2
Lobularia maritima	sweet alyssum		L+
Lolium arundinaceum	tall fescue		L+
Lolium perenne	perennial rye		L+
Lolium pratense	meadow fescue		L+
Lonicera caerulea	blue fly honeysuckle		L+
Lonicera canadensis	fly honeysuckle		L3
Lonicera dioica	wild honeysuckle		L3
Lonicera hirsuta	hairy honeysuckle		L3
Lonicera japonica	Japanese honeysuckle		L+
Lonicera maackii	Amur honeysuckle		L+
Lonicera morrowii	Morrow’s honeysuckle		L+
Lonicera oblongifolia	swamp fly honeysuckle		LX
Lonicera tatarica	Tartarian honeysuckle		L+
Lonicera x bella	shrub honeysuckle		L+
Lonicera xylosteum	European fly honeysuckle		L+
Lotus corniculatus	bird’s foot trefoil		L+
Ludwigia palustris	water purslane		L3
Lunaria annua	silver dollars		L+
Lupinus perennis	wild lupine		L2
Lupinus polyphyllus var. polyphyllus	garden lupine		L+
Luzula acuminata ssp. acuminata	hairy wood rush		L3
Luzula multiflora ssp. multiflora	wood rush		L3
Lycium barbarum	matrimony-vine		L+
Lycopodium clavatum	running club-moss		L1
Lycopsis arvensis	small bugloss		L+
Lycopus americanus	cut-leaved water-horehound		L4
Lycopus americanus x europaeus	hybrid water-horehound		L+
Lycopus europaeus	European water-horehound		L+
Lycopus uniflorus	northern water-horehound		L5
Lysimachia arvensis	scarlet pimpernel		L+
Lysimachia borealis	star-flower		L3
Lysimachia ciliata	fringed loosestrife		L5
Lysimachia clethroides	white loosestrife		L+
Lysimachia nummularia	moneywort		L+
Lysimachia punctata	spotted loosestrife		L+
Lysimachia quadrifolia	whorled loosestrife		L3
Lysimachia terrestris	swamp candles		L3
Lysimachia thyrsiflora	tufted loosestrife		L4
Lysimachia vulgaris	garden loosestrife		L+
Lysimachia x producta	elongated loosestrife		L3
Lythrum salicaria	purple loosestrife		L+
Maclura pomifera	Osage-orange		L+
Mahonia aquifolium	Oregon-grape		L+
Maianthemum canadense	Canada May-flower		L4
Maianthemum racemosum	false Solomon’s seal		L5
Maianthemum stellatum	starry false Solomon’s seal		L5
Maianthemum trifolium	three-leaved false Solomon’s seal		L3
Malaxis monophyllos var. brachypoda	white adder’s-mouth		L1
Malus baccata	Siberian crab-apple		L+
Malus coronaria	wild crab-apple		L3
Malus prunifolia	Chinese crab-apple		L+
Malus pumila	apple		L+
Malus toringo	Toringo crab-apple		L+
Malus x robusta	crab-apple		L+
Malva alcea	European mallow		L+
Malva moschata	musk mallow		L+
Malva neglecta	common mallow		L+
Malva pusilla	round-leaved mallow		L+
Malva sylvestris	high mallow		L+
Marsilea quadrifolia	European waterclover		L+
Matricaria chamomilla	wild chamomile		L+
Matricaria discoidea	pineappleweed		L+
Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pensylvanica	ostrich fern		L5
Medeola virginiana	Indian cucumber-root		L2
Medicago lupulina	black medick		L+
Medicago polymorpha	multiformed medick		L+
Medicago sativa ssp. falcata	yellow alfalfa		L+
Medicago sativa ssp. sativa	alfalfa		L+
Melampyrum lineare	cow-wheat		L1
Melilotus albus	white sweet clover		L+
Melilotus officinalis	yellow sweet clover		L+
Melissa officinalis ssp. officinalis	lemon-balm		L+
Menispermum canadense	moonseed		L3
Mentha aquatica	water mint		L+
Mentha canadensis	wild mint		L5
Mentha spicata	spear mint		L+
Mentha x gracilis	red mint		L+
Mentha x piperita	peppermint		L+
Mentha x verticillata	hybrid mint		L+
Mentha x villosa	downy mint		L+
Menyanthes trifoliata	bog buckbean		L2
Mertensia virginica	Virginia bluebells		L+?
Micranthes virginiensis	early saxifrage		L1
Milium effusum var. cisatlanticum	wood millet		L2
Mimulus ringens var. ringens	square-stemmed monkey-flower		L4
Mirabilis nyctaginea	wild four o’clock		L+
Miscanthus sacchariflorus	eulalia		L+
Miscanthus sinensis	miscanthus		L+
Misopates orontium ssp. orontium	lesser snapdragon		L+
Mitchella repens	partridgeberry		L3
Mitella diphylla	mitrewort		L3
Mitella nuda	naked mitrewort		L3
Moehringia lateriflora	grove stitchwort		L3
Mollugo verticillata	carpet-weed		L+
Monarda didyma	bee-balm		L3
Monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa	wild bergamot		L5
Moneses uniflora	one-flowered pyrola		L1
Monotropa uniflora	Indian-pipe		L3
Morella pensylvanica	bayberry		L+
Morus alba	white mulberry		L+
Morus alba x rubra	hybrid mulberry		L+
Morus rubra	red mulberry		LX
Muhlenbergia asperifolia	scratch grass		L+
Muhlenbergia frondosa	wire-stemmed muhly grass		L4
Muhlenbergia glomerata	marsh wild Timothy		L2
Muhlenbergia mexicana var. filiformis	slender muhly grass		L5
Muhlenbergia mexicana var. mexicana	common muhly grass		L5
Muhlenbergia schreberi	Schreber’s muhly grass		L3
Muscari armeniacum	Armenian grape hyacinth		L+
Muscari botryoides	grape hyacinth		L+
Mycelis muralis	wall lettuce		L+
Myosotis arvensis	garden forget-me-not		L+
Myosotis laxa	smaller forget-me-not		L4
Myosotis scorpioides	true forget-me-not		L+
Myosotis stricta	upright forget-me-not		L+
Myosotis sylvatica	woodland forget-me-not		L+
Myosotis verna	spring forget-me-not		L4
Myosoton aquaticum	giant chickweed		L+
Myosurus minimus	mouse-tail		L2
Myrica gale	sweet gale		L2
Myriophyllum heterophyllum	variable water-milfoil		L2
Myriophyllum sibiricum	northern water-milfoil		L2
Myriophyllum spicatum	Eurasian water-milfoil		L+
Myriophyllum verticillatum	whorled water-milfoil		L1
Myrrhis odorata	anise		L+
Nabalus albus	white wood lettuce		L3
Nabalus altissimus	tall wood lettuce		L5
Najas flexilis	bushy naiad		L2
Najas guadalupensis ssp. olivacea	southern naiad		L2
Narcissus jonquilla ssp. jonquilla	jonquil		L+
Narcissus poeticus	narcissus		L+
Narcissus pseudonarcissus	daffodil		L+
Nasturtium microphyllum	small-leaved watercress		L+
Nasturtium officinale	watercress		L+?
Neottia cordata	heart-leaved twayblade		L1
Nepeta cataria	catnip		L+
Neslia paniculata	yellow ball mustard		L+
Nicandra physalodes	apple-of-Peru		L+
Nicotiana longiflora	long-leaved tobacco		L+
Nigella damascena	love-in-a-mist		L+
Nuphar variegata	bullhead lily		L3
Nuttallanthus canadensis	blue toadflax		L2
Nymphaea odorata	fragrant water lily (sensu lato)		L3
Nymphaea odorata ssp. odorata	fragrant water-lily		L3
Nymphaea odorata ssp. tuberosa	tuberous water-lily		L3
Nymphoides peltata	floating-heart		L+
Oenanthe javanica	water-dropwort		L+
Oenothera biennis	common evening-primrose		L5
Oenothera fruticosa ssp. tetragona	sundrops		L+
Oenothera gaura	biennial gaura		LX
Oenothera oakesiana	Oakes’ evening-primrose		L3
Oenothera parviflora	smaller evening-primrose		L4
Oenothera perennis	perennial evening-primrose		L2
Oenothera pilosella	pilose sundrops		L2
Oenothera villosa ssp. villosa	villose evening-primrose		L2
Onoclea sensibilis	sensitive fern		L5
Onopordum acanthium	Scotch thistle		L+
Ophioglossum pusillum	northern adder’s-tongue fern		L1
Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare	wild marjoram		L+
Ornithogalum umbellatum	summer snowflake		L+
Orthilia secunda	one-sided pyrola		L1
Oryzopsis asperifolia	white-fruited mountain-rice		L4
Osmorhiza claytonii	woolly sweet cicely		L4
Osmorhiza longistylis	smooth sweet cicely		L3
Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis	royal fern		L3
Osmundastrum cinnamomeum	cinnamon fern		L3
Ostrya virginiana	ironwood		L5
Oxalis dillenii	deflexed yellow wood-sorrel		L5
Oxalis montana	pink wood-sorrel		L2
Oxalis stricta	common yellow wood-sorrel		L5
Oxybasis glauca	oak-leaved goosefoot		L+
Oxybasis rubra var. rubra	red goosefoot		L+?
Pachysandra terminalis	Japanese spurge		L+
Packera aurea	golden ragwort		L2
Packera paupercula var. paupercula	balsam ragwort		L2
Paeonia officinalis	peony		L+
Paeonia x suffruticosa	tree peony		L+
Palustricodon aparinoides	marsh bellflower		L3
Panax quinquefolius	ginseng		L1
Panax trifolius	dwarf ginseng		LX
Panicum capillare	panic grass		L5
Panicum dichotomiflorum ssp. dichotomiflorum	fall panic grass		L+
Panicum flexile	wiry panic grass		L3
Panicum miliaceum ssp. miliaceum	millet		L+
Panicum philadelphicum	Gattinger’s panic grass		L2
Panicum virgatum	switch grass		L3
Papaver dubium	smooth-fruited poppy		L+
Papaver orientale	oriental poppy		L+
Papaver rhoeas	corn poppy		L+
Papaver somniferum	opium poppy		L+
Parathelypteris noveboracensis	New York fern		L2
Parietaria pensylvanica	Pennsylvania pellitory		L5
Parnassia parviflora	small-flowered grass of Parnassus		L1
Parthenocissus quinquefolia	Virginia creeper		L5
Parthenocissus tricuspidata	Boston-ivy		L+
Parthenocissus vitacea	thicket creeper		L5
Pastinaca sativa	wild parsnip		L+
Patis racemosa	black-fruited mountain-rice		L3
Pedicularis canadensis	wood-betony		L1
Pedicularis lanceolata	swamp lousewort		LX
Peltandra virginica	tuckahoe		L3
Penstemon digitalis	foxglove beard-tongue		L4
Penstemon hirsutus	hairy beard-tongue		L3
Penthorum sedoides	ditch stonecrop		L4
Perilla frutescens	shrubby perilla		L+
Persicaria amphibia	swamp smartweed (sensu lato)		L4
Persicaria amphibia var. emersa	swamp smartweed		L3
Persicaria amphibia var. stipulacea	water smartweed		L4
Persicaria hydropiper	water-pepper		L+?
Persicaria hydropiperoides	mild water-pepper		L4
Persicaria lapathifolia	pale smartweed		L5
Persicaria longiseta	oriental lady’s thumb		L+
Persicaria maculosa	lady’s thumb		L+
Persicaria orientalis	prince’s feather		L+
Persicaria pensylvanica	Pennsylvania smartweed		L4
Persicaria punctata	dotted water-pepper		L3
Persicaria sagittata	arrow-leaved tear-thumb		L3
Persicaria virginiana	jumpseed		L+?
Petasites frigidus var. palmatus	palmate-leaved sweet coltsfoot		L1
Petasites japonicus	Japanese coltsfoot		L+
Petrosedum orientale	crooked yellow stonecrop		L+
Petunia x atkinsiana	garden petunia		L+
Phalaris arundinacea	reed canary grass		L+?
Phalaris canariensis	canary grass		L+
Phaseolus vulgaris	bean		L+
Phedimus hybridus	hybrid stonecrop		L+
Phedimus spurius	false stonecrop		L+
Phegopteris connectilis	northern beech fern		L3
Phegopteris hexagonoptera	southern beech fern		LX
Phellodendron amurense	Amur cork tree		L+
Philadelphus coronarius	mock-orange		L+
Phleum pratense ssp. pratense	Timothy grass		L+
Phlox divaricata	wild blue phlox		L3
Phlox paniculata	garden phlox		L+
Phlox subulata	moss phlox		L+
Phragmites australis ssp. americanus	American reed		L1
Phragmites australis ssp. australis	common reed		L+
Phryma leptostachya var. leptostachya	lopseed		L5
Phyllostachys aurea	golden bamboo		L+
Physalis heterophylla	clammy ground-cherry		L5
Physalis longifolia var. subglabrata	smooth ground-cherry		L3
Physalis peruviana	Cape ground-cherry		L+
Physalis virginiana	Virginia ground-cherry		LU
Physocarpus opulifolius	ninebark		L3
Physostegia virginiana ssp. virginiana	false dragonhead		L3
Phytolacca americana var. americana	pokeweed		L+
Picea abies	Norway spruce		L+
Picea glauca	white spruce		L3
Picea mariana	black spruce		L2
Picea pungens	Colorado spruce		L+
Picris hieracioides	hawkweed oxtongue		L+
Pilea fontana	spring clearweed		L4
Pilea pumila	dwarf clearweed		L5
Pilosella aurantiaca	orange hawkweed		L+
Pilosella caespitosa	yellow hawkweed		L+
Pilosella flagellaris	flagellate hawkweed		L+
Pilosella officinarum	mouse-ear hawkweed		L+
Pilosella piloselloides ssp. piloselloides	smooth yellow hawkweed		L+
Pilosella piloselloides ssp. praealta	tall yellow hawkweed		L+
Pilosella x floribunda	smoothish hawkweed		L+
Pinus banksiana	Jack pine		L+
Pinus nigra	Austrian pine		L+
Pinus resinosa	red pine		L1
Pinus strobus	white pine		L4
Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestris	Scots pine		L+
Piptatheropsis pungens	slender mountain-rice		LX
Pistia stratiotes	water-lettuce		L+
Pisum sativum var. sativum	garden pea		L+
Pityopsis falcata	golden aster		L+
Plantago arenaria	sand plantain		L+
Plantago lanceolata	English plantain		L+
Plantago major	common plantain		L+
Plantago media	hoary plantain		L+
Plantago rugelii	red-stemmed plantain		L5
Platanthera aquilonis	tall northern green orchis		L2
Platanthera blephariglottis var. blephariglottis	white-fringed orchis		LX
Platanthera clavellata	club-spur orchis		LX
Platanthera flava var. herbiola	tubercled orchis		LX
Platanthera hookeri	Hooker’s orchis		LX
Platanthera lacera	ragged fringed orchis		L1
Platanthera obtusata ssp. obtusata	small northern bog orchis		LX
Platanthera psycodes	small purple-fringed orchis		LX
Platanus occidentalis	sycamore		L2
Platanus x hispanica	London plane tree		L+
Poa alsodes	grove meadow grass		L3
Poa annua	annual blue grass		L+
Poa bulbosa ssp. vivipara	bulblet-bearing blue grass		L+
Poa chaixii	broad-leaved meadow grass		L+
Poa compressa	flat-stemmed blue grass		L+
Poa nemoralis	woodland spear grass		L+
Poa palustris	fowl meadow-grass		L5
Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis	Kentucky blue grass		L+
Poa saltuensis ssp. languida	languid spear grass		L3
Poa saltuensis ssp. saltuensis	bushy spear grass		L3
Poa trivialis	rough blue grass		L+
Podophyllum peltatum	May-apple		L5
Pogonia ophioglossoides	rose pogonia		L1
Polanisia dodecandra ssp. dodecandra	clammy-weed		LX
Polygala polygama	racemed milkwort		L1
Polygala sanguinea	purple milkwort		LU
Polygala senega	Seneca snakeroot		L1
Polygala verticillata	whorled milkwort		L1
Polygaloides paucifolia	fringed polygala		L2
Polygonatum multiflorum	European Solomon’s seal		L+
Polygonatum pubescens	downy Solomon’s seal		L4
Polygonum achoreum	striate knotweed		L+
Polygonum aviculare ssp. aviculare	prostrate knotweed		L+
Polygonum aviculare ssp. depressum	sand knotweed		L+
Polygonum douglasii	Douglas’ knotweed		L2
Polypodium virginianum	rock polypody		L2
Polypogon monspeliensis	rabbit’s foot		L+
Polystichum acrostichoides	Christmas fern		L4
Polystichum lonchitis	northern holly fern		L2
Pontederia cordata	pickerel-weed		L2
Populus alba	white poplar		L+
Populus balsamifera	balsam poplar		L5
Populus deltoides ssp. deltoides	cottonwood		L5
Populus grandidentata	large-toothed aspen		L4
Populus nigra	black poplar		L+
Populus nigra var. italica	Lombardy poplar		L+
Populus simonii	Chinese balsam poplar		L+
Populus tremuloides	trembling aspen		L5
Populus x berolinensis	Berlin poplar		L+
Populus x canadensis	Carolina poplar		L+
Populus x canescens	grey poplar hybrid		L+
Populus x heimburgeri	Heimburger’s poplar		L+
Populus x jackii	Jack’s poplar		L5
Populus x rouleauiana	Rouleau’s poplar		L+
Portulaca grandiflora	garden portulaca		L+
Portulaca oleracea	purslane		L+
Potamogeton amplifolius	large-leaved pondweed		L2
Potamogeton berchtoldii	least pondweed		L3
Potamogeton crispus	curly pondweed		L+
Potamogeton crispus x pusillus	hybrid pondweed		L+
Potamogeton epihydrus	ribbon pondweed		L2
Potamogeton foliosus ssp. foliosus	leafy pondweed		L4
Potamogeton gramineus	grass-like pondweed		L3
Potamogeton illinoensis	Illinois pondweed		L2
Potamogeton natans	floating pondweed		L3
Potamogeton nodosus	knotty pondweed		L2
Potamogeton oakesianus	Oakes’ pondweed		L2
Potamogeton perfoliatus	clasping-leaved pondweed		L3
Potamogeton praelongus	white-stem pondweed		L2
Potamogeton pusillus	small pondweed		L1
Potamogeton richardsonii	redhead pondweed		L3
Potamogeton spirillus	spiral pondweed		LX
Potamogeton strictifolius	narrow-leaved pondweed		LU
Potamogeton zosteriformis	flat-stemmed pondweed		L3
Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina	silverweed		L5
Potentilla argentea	silvery cinquefoil		L+
Potentilla inclinata	lintermediate cinquefoil		L+
Potentilla indica var. indica	mock strawberry		L+
Potentilla norvegica	rough cinquefoil		L+?
Potentilla pensylvanica	prairie cinquefoil		L+
Potentilla recta	sulphur cinquefoil		L+
Potentilla reptans	creeping cinquefoil		L+
Potentilla simplex	old-field cinquefoil		L3
Potentilla supina ssp. paradoxa	bushy cinquefoil		L3
Potentilla verna	spring cinquefoil		L+
Poterium sanguisorba var. polygamum	small burnet		L+
Primula bulleyana	Yunnan primrose		L+
Primula veris	cowslip		L+
Primula vulgaris ssp. rubra	pink primrose		L+
Proserpinaca palustris	mermaid-weed		LX
Prunella laciniata	cut-leaved heal-all		L+
Prunella vulgaris	heal-all (sensu lato)		L+?
Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata	heal-all (native)		L5
Prunella vulgaris ssp. vulgaris	heal-all (European)		L+
Prunus americana	wild plum		L3
Prunus avium	mazzard cherry		L+
Prunus cerasus	sour cherry		L+
Prunus domestica	common plum		L+
Prunus glandulosa	Japanese cherry		L+
Prunus mahaleb	Mahaleb cherry		L+
Prunus nigra	Canada plum		L3
Prunus pensylvanica	pin cherry		L4
Prunus persica	peach		L+
Prunus pumila var. pumila	sand cherry		L+?
Prunus pumila var. susquehanae	Susquehanna sand cherry		LX
Prunus serotina var. serotina	black cherry		L5
Prunus serrulata	Japanese flowering cherry		L+
Prunus spinosa	blackthorn		L+
Prunus tenella	dwarf Russian almond		L+
Prunus tomentosa	Manchu cherry		L+
Prunus virginiana var. virginiana	choke cherry		L5
Prunus x cistena	purple sand cherry		L+
Pseudognaphalium macounii	viscid cudweed		L2
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium	fragrant cudweed		L2
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca	Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir		L+
Pteridium aquilinum ssp. latiusculum	eastern bracken		L4
Pterospora andromedea	pine-drops		LX
Puccinellia distans	alkali grass		L+
Pulmonaria officinalis	common lung-wort		L+
Pulmonaria rubra	red lung-wort		L+
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium	narrow-leaved mountain mint		L3
Pycnanthemum verticillatum var. pilosum	hairy mountain mint		LX
Pycnanthemum virginianum	Virginia mountain mint		L3
Pyrola americana	round-leaved pyrola		L2
Pyrola asarifolia ssp. asarifolia	pink pyrola		L2
Pyrola chlorantha	green-flowered pyrola		L1
Pyrola elliptica	shinleaf		L3
Pyrus calleryana	Bradford pear		L+
Pyrus communis	pear		L+
Quercus alba	white oak		L2
Quercus macrocarpa	bur oak		L4
Quercus robur	English oak		L+
Quercus rubra	red oak		L4
Quercus velutina	black oak		L2
Quercus x bebbiana	white-bur hybrid oak		L2
Quercus x hawkinsii	red-black hybrid oak		L2
Ranunculus abortivus	kidney-leaved buttercup		L5
Ranunculus acris	tall buttercup		L+
Ranunculus caricetorum	swamp buttercup		L4
Ranunculus fascicularis	early buttercup		LX
Ranunculus flabellaris	yellow water crowfoot		L2
Ranunculus hispidus	hispid buttercup		LX
Ranunculus inundatus	river buttercup		L+
Ranunculus lingua	greater spearwort		L+
Ranunculus longirostris	white water crowfoot		L2
Ranunculus pensylvanicus	bristly buttercup		L4
Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus	hooked buttercup		L5
Ranunculus repens	creeping buttercup		L+
Ranunculus rhomboideus	prairie buttercup		LX
Ranunculus sceleratus var. sceleratus	cursed crowfoot		L+?
Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. raphanistrum	wild radish		L+
Raphanus sativus	radish		L+
Ratibida columnifera	prairie coneflower		L+
Ratibida pinnata	grey-headed coneflower		L+
Reynoutria japonica var. japonica	Japanese knotweed		L+
Reynoutria x bohemica	hybrid knotweed		L+
Rhamnus cathartica	common buckthorn		L+
Rheum rhabarbarum	rhubarb		L+
Rhododendron groenlandicum	Labrador-tea		L2
Rhodotypos scandens	jet-bead		L+
Rhus aromatica var. aromatica	fragrant sumach		L+
Rhus glabra	smooth sumach		L+
Rhus typhina	staghorn sumach		L5
Rhus x borealis	hybrid sumach		L+
Rhynchospora alba	white beak-rush		L1
Ribes alpinum	alpine currant		L+
Ribes americanum	wild black currant		L5
Ribes aureum var. villosum	buffalo currant		L+
Ribes cynosbati	prickly gooseberry		L5
Ribes glandulosum	skunk currant		L3
Ribes hirtellum	smooth gooseberry		L3
Ribes hudsonianum var. hudsonianum	northern black currant		L2
Ribes nigrum	black currant		L+
Ribes rubrum	garden red currant		L+
Ribes triste	swamp red currant		L3
Ribes uva-crispa	European gooseberry		L+
Robinia pseudoacacia	black locust		L+
Robinia viscosa	clammy locust		L+
Rorippa aquatica	lake-cress		LX
Rorippa austriaca	Austrian cress		L+
Rorippa palustris ssp. hispida	hispid marsh cress		L4
Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris	Fernald’s marsh cress		L5
Rorippa sylvestris	creeping yellow cress		L+
Rosa blanda	smooth wild rose		L4
Rosa canina	dog rose		L+
Rosa carolina ssp. carolina	pasture rose		L2
Rosa davurica	cinnamon rose		L+
Rosa gallica	cabbage rose		L+
Rosa glauca	red-leaved rose		L+
Rosa multiflora	multiflora rose		L+
Rosa palustris	swamp rose		L2
Rosa rubiginosa var. nemoralis	small-flowered rose		L+
Rosa rubiginosa var. rubiginosa	sweet brier rose		L+
Rosa rugosa	wrinkled rose		L+
Rosa setigera	prairie rose		L+
Rosa spinosissima	burnet rose		L+
Rosa virginiana ssp. virginiana	Virginia rose		L+?
Rubus canadensis	smooth blackberry		LU
Rubus flagellaris	northern dewberry		L3
Rubus hispidus	swamp dewberry		L2
Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus	garden red raspberry		L+
Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus	wild red raspberry		L5
Rubus occidentalis	wild black raspberry		L5
Rubus odoratus	purple-flowering raspberry		L5
Rubus pensilvanicus	Pennsylvania blackberry		L3
Rubus phoenicolasius	wine raspberry		L+
Rubus pubescens	dwarf raspberry		L4
Rubus repens	Robin-run-away		L2
Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima	black-eyed Susan		L4
Rudbeckia laciniata var. laciniata	cut-leaved coneflower		L5
Rudbeckia speciosa	orange coneflower		L+
Rudbeckia triloba var. triloba	brown-eyed Susan		L+
Rumex acetosella	sheep sorrel		L+
Rumex altissimus	pale dock		L+?
Rumex britannica	great water dock		L4
Rumex crispus	curly dock		L+
Rumex dentatus	fiddle dock		L+
Rumex fueginus	golden dock		L+
Rumex longifolius	northern dock		L+
Rumex obtusifolius	bitter dock		L+
Rumex patientia	patience dock		L+
Rumex thyrsiflorus	garden sorrel		L+
Rumex triangulivalvis	willow-leaved dock		L+
Rumex verticillatus	swamp dock		L3
Sagina japonica	Japanese pearlwort		L+
Sagina procumbens	pearlwort		L+
Sagittaria cuneata	arum-leaved arrowhead		L3
Sagittaria graminea ssp. graminea	grass-leaved arrowhead		LX
Sagittaria latifolia	common arrowhead		L4
Sagittaria rigida	sessile-fruited arrowhead		L2
Salix alba	white willow		L+
Salix amygdaloides	peach-leaved willow		L4
Salix atrocinerea	rusty willow		L+
Salix aurita	yellowish willow		L+
Salix bebbiana	Bebb’s willow		L4
Salix candida	hoary willow		L2
Salix caprea	goat willow		L+
Salix cinerea	grey willow		L+
Salix cordata	heart-leaved willow		LX
Salix daphnoides	violet willow		L+
Salix discolor	pussy willow		L4
Salix eriocephala	narrow heart-leaved willow		L5
Salix eriocephala x petiolaris	hybrid shrub willow		L4
Salix humilis	prairie willow		L2
Salix interior	sandbar willow		L5
Salix lucida	shining willow		L3
Salix matsudana	corkscrew willow		L+
Salix myricoides	blue-leaved willow		LX
Salix nigra	black willow		L3
Salix pedicellaris	bog willow		L3
Salix petiolaris	slender willow		L4
Salix purpurea	purple-osier willow		L+
Salix serissima	autumn willow		L2
Salix triandra	almond-leaved willow		L+
Salix viminalis	basket willow		L+
Salix x fragilis	crack willow		L+
Salix x meyeriana	laurel willow		L+
Salix x pendulina	Wisconsin weeping willow		L+
Salix x sepulcralis	weeping willow		L+
Salvia guaranitica	anise-scented sage		L+
Salvia pratensis	meadow sage		L+
Salvia reflexa	deflexed sage		L+
Salvia sclarea	clary sage		L+
Salvinia minima	common salvinia		L+
Sambucus canadensis	common elderberry		L5
Sambucus racemosa	red-berried elder		L5
Samolus parviflorus	Valerand’s water-pimpernel		LU
Sanguinaria canadensis	bloodroot		L5
Sanicula marilandica	sanicle		L4
Sanicula odorata	clustered sanicle		L4
Saponaria officinalis	bouncing Bet		L+
Sarracenia purpurea ssp. purpurea	pitcher-plant		L1
Sasaella ramosa	hairy bamboo		L+
Sassafras albidum	sassafras		L4
Satureja hortensis	summer savoury		L+
Scandosorbus intermedia	Swedish white-beam		L+
Sceptridium dissectum	cut-leaved grape fern		L2
Sceptridium multifidum	leathery grape fern		L1
Sceptridium oneidense	blunt-lobed grape fern		LX
Scheuchzeria palustris	bog arrow-grass		LX
Schizachne purpurascens ssp. purpurascens	purple melic grass		L4
Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium	little bluestem		L2
Schoenoplectiella smithii var. smithii	Smith’s club-rush		LX
Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus	hard-stemmed bulrush		L3
Schoenoplectus pungens var. pungens	three-square		L4
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani	soft-stemmed bulrush		L4
Scilla forbesii	glory-of-the-snow		L+
Scilla mischtschenkoana	white squill		L+
Scilla siberica	Siberian squill		L+
Scirpus atrovirens	black-fruited bulrush		L5
Scirpus cyperinus	woolly bulrush		L4
Scirpus hattorianus	mosquito bulrush		L3
Scirpus microcarpus	barber-pole bulrush		L5
Scirpus pendulus	drooping bulrush		L3
Scleranthus annuus ssp. annuus	knawel		L+
Scleria triglomerata	tall nut-rush		LX
Scleria verticillata	low nut-rush		L2
Scorzoneroides autumnalis	fall hawkbit		L+
Scrophularia lanceolata	lance-leaved figwort		L3
Scrophularia marilandica	carpenter’s-square figwort		L3
Scrophularia nodosa	European figwort		L+
Scutellaria galericulata var. pubescens	common skullcap		L5
Scutellaria lateriflora	mad-dog skullcap		L5
Scutellaria parvula var. parvula	small skullcap		LX
Secale cereale	rye		L+
Securigera varia	crown vetch		L+
Sedum acre	mossy stonecrop		L+
Sedum album	white stonecrop		L+
Sedum hispanicum	Spanish stonecrop		L+
Sedum sarmentosum	Asiatic stonecrop		L+
Sedum sexangulare	watch-chain stonecrop		L+
Selaginella eclipes	meadow spike-moss		L1
Senecio viscosus	sticky groundsel		L+
Senecio vulgaris	common groundsel		L+
Senna hebecarpa	wild senna		L+
Setaria faberi	giant foxtail		L+
Setaria italica	foxtail millet		L+
Setaria pumila	yellow foxtail		L+
Setaria verticillata	bristly foxtail		L+
Setaria viridis var. viridis	green foxtail		L+
Shepherdia argentea	silver buffalo-berry		L+
Shepherdia canadensis	russet buffalo-berry		L2
Sherardia arvensis	blue field madder		L+
Sicyos angulatus	bur cucumber		L3
Silene antirrhina	sleepy catchfly		L2
Silene chalcedonica	scarlet cockle		L+
Silene coronaria	rose campion		L+
Silene csereii	lesser bladder campion		L+
Silene dichotoma ssp. dichotoma	forking catchfly		L+
Silene latifolia	evening lychnis		L+
Silene noctiflora	night-flowering catchfly		L+
Silene vulgaris	bladder campion		L+
Silene x hampeana	hybrid campion		L+
Silphium integrifolium var. laeve	rosinweed		L+
Silphium laciniatum	compass-plant		L+
Silphium perfoliatum var. perfoliatum	cup-plant		L+?
Silybum marianum	milk thistle		L+
Sinapis arvensis	charlock		L+
Sisymbrium altissimum	tumble mustard		L+
Sisymbrium loeselii	Loesel’s tumble mustard		L+
Sisymbrium officinale	hedge mustard		L+
Sisyrinchium montanum	blue-eyed grass		L4
Sium suave	water-parsnip		L5
Smilax herbacea	carrion-flower		L5
Smilax tamnoides	bristly greenbrier		L4
Solanum dulcamara	bittersweet nightshade		L+
Solanum emulans	American black nightshade		L5
Solanum lycopersicum	tomato (incl. cherry tomato)		L+
Solanum melongena	eggplant		L+
Solanum nigrum	black nightshade		L+
Solanum nitidibaccatum	Latin American nightshade		L+
Solanum rostratum	buffalo-bur		L+
Solanum triflorum	cut-leaved nightshade		L+
Solidago altissima var. altissima	tall goldenrod		L5
Solidago arguta	sharp-leaved goldenrod		L2
Solidago bicolor	silverrod		LX
Solidago caesia var. caesia	blue-stemmed goldenrod		L5
Solidago canadensis var. canadensis	Canada goldenrod		L5
Solidago flexicaulis	zig-zag goldenrod		L5
Solidago gigantea var. gigantea	smooth goldenrod		L5
Solidago hispida var. hispida	hairy goldenrod		L2
Solidago juncea	early goldenrod		L5
Solidago nemoralis ssp. nemoralis	grey goldenrod		L5
Solidago ohioensis	Ohio goldenrod		LX
Solidago patula	rough-leaved goldenrod		L4
Solidago ptarmicoides	upland white goldenrod		L2
Solidago rigida ssp. rigida	stiff goldenrod		LX
Solidago rugosa ssp. rugosa	rough-stemmed goldenrod		L5
Solidago squarrosa	stout goldenrod		L2
Solidago uliginosa var. peracuta	bog goldenrod		L2
Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis	glandular perennial sow-thistle		L+
Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus	smooth perennial sow-thistle		L+
Sonchus asper	spiny sow-thistle		L+
Sonchus oleraceus	annual sow-thistle		L+
Sorbaria sorbifolia	false spiraea		L+
Sorbus americana	American mountain-ash		LU
Sorbus aucuparia	European mountain-ash		L+
Sorghastrum nutans	Indian grassd		L2
Sorghum bicolor	sorghum		L+
Sparganium americanum	Nuttall’s bur-reed		LU
Sparganium emersum	green-fruited bur-reed		L3
Sparganium eurycarpum	great bur-reed		L3
Sparganium natans	lesser bur-reed		L2
Spergula arvensis	corn spurrey		L+
Spergularia marina	salt-marsh sand spurrey		L+
Spergularia media var. media	intermediate sand spurrey		L+
Spergularia rubra	red sand spurrey		L+
Sphenopholis intermedia	slender wedge grass		L4
Spinulum annotinum	stiff club-moss		L1
Spiraea alba var. alba	wild spiraea		L4
Spiraea japonica	Japanese spiraea		L+
Spiraea tomentosa	hardhack		L2
Spiraea x vanhouttei	bridalwreath spiraea		L+
Spiranthes casei var. casei	Case’s ladies’-tresses		L1
Spiranthes incurva	nodding ladies’-tresses		L3
Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis	southern slender ladies’-tresses		LX
Spiranthes lacera var. lacera	northern slender ladies’-tresses		L1
Spiranthes lucida	shining ladies’-tresses		L1
Spiranthes magnicamporum	Great Plains ladies’-tresses		L2
Spiranthes romanzoffiana	hooded ladies’-tresses		L1
Spirodela polyrhiza	greater duckweed		L4
Sporobolus compositus var. compositus	rough dropseed		L2
Sporobolus cryptandrus	sand dropseed		L3
Sporobolus michauxianus	prairie cord grass		L3
Sporobolus neglectus	overlooked dropseed		L+?
Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. inaequalis	ensheathed dropseed		L+?
Stachys byzantina	lamb’s-ears		L+
Stachys hispida	rough hedge-nettle		L3
Stachys palustris	marsh hedge-nettle		L+
Staphylea trifolia	bladdernut		L3
Stellaria graminea	grass-leaved chickweed		L+
Stellaria longifolia	long-leaved chickweed		L4
Stellaria media	common chickweed		L+
Stratiotes aloides	water-soldier		L+
Streptopus lanceolatus var. lanceolatus	rose twisted-stalk		L3
Strophostyles helvola	trailing wild bean		L3
Stuckenia filiformis	thread-leaved pondweed		LX
Stuckenia pectinata	sago pondweed		L4
Stylophorum diphyllum	wood-poppy		L+
Symphoricarpos albus var. albus	eastern snowberry		L3
Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus	western snowberry		L+
Symphoricarpos occidentalis	wolf-berry		L+
Symphyotrichum boreale	bog aster		L2
Symphyotrichum ciliatum	rayless aster		L+
Symphyotrichum ciliolatum	Lindley’s aster		L4
Symphyotrichum cordifolium	heart-leaved aster		L5
Symphyotrichum cordifolium x lateriflorum	heart-leaved calico hybrid aster		L4
Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides	heath aster		L5
Symphyotrichum firmum	shining aster		L4
Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve	smooth aster		L3
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. hirsuticaule	Great Lakes panicled aster		L4
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. lanceolatum	panicled aster		L5
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. latifolium	broad-leaved panicled aster		L4
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum	calico aster		L5
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum x puniceum	calico-swamp hybrid aster		L4
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae	New England aster		L5
Symphyotrichum ontarionis var. ontarionis	Ontario aster		L3
Symphyotrichum oolentangiense	sky-blue aster		L4
Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum	hairy aster		L3
Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pringlei	Pringle’s aster		L2
Symphyotrichum prenanthoides	crooked-stemmed aster		L+
Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum	swamp aster		L5
Symphyotrichum subulatum var. subulatum	saltmarsh aster		L+
Symphyotrichum urophyllum	arrow-leaved aster		L4
Symphyotrichum x amethystinum	amethyst aster		L5
Symphyotrichum x tardiflorum	heart-leaved swamp hybrid aster		L4
Symphytum asperum	prickly comfrey		L+
Symphytum officinale	common comfrey		L+
Symplocarpus foetidus	skunk cabbage		L4
Syringa reticulata	Japanese tree lilac		L+
Syringa villosa	downy lilac		L+
Syringa vulgaris	common lilac		L+
Syringa x prestoniae	Preston lilac		L+
Taenidia integerrima	yellow pimpernel		L2
Tanacetum balsamita	costmary		L+
Tanacetum parthenium	feverfew		L+
Tanacetum vulgare	tansy		L+
Taraxacum erythrospermum	red-seeded dandelion		L+
Taraxacum officinale	dandelion		L+
Taraxacum palustre	marsh dandelion		L+
Tarenaya hassleriana	spiderflower		L+
Taxus canadensis	Canada yew		L3
Taxus cuspidata	Japanese yew		L+
Teucrium canadense	wood-sage		L4
Thalictrum delavayi	Chinese meadow-rue		L+
Thalictrum dioicum	early meadow rue		L5
Thalictrum pubescens	tall meadow rue		L5
Thalictrum thalictroides	rue anemone		LX
Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens	marsh fern		L4
Thinopyrum obtusiflorum	giant wheat-grass		L+
Thlaspi arvense	penny-cress		L+
Thuja occidentalis	white cedar		L5
Thymus praecox ssp. britannicus	creeping thyme		L+
Thymus pulegioides ssp. pulegoides	lemon thyme		L+
Tiarella stolonifera	foam-flower		L4
Tilia americana	basswood		L5
Tilia cordata	little-leaf linden		L+
Tilia x flavescens	hybrid linden		L+
Torilis arvensis ssp. arvensis	hedge-parsley		LU+
Torilis japonica	hedge-parsley		L+
Torreyochloa pallida var. fernaldii	Fernald’s manna grass		L2
Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans	climbing poison ivy		L5
Toxicodendron radicans var. rydbergii	shrubby poison ivy		L5
Toxicodendron vernix	poison sumach		LX
Tradescantia ohiensis	Ohio spiderwort		L+
Tradescantia virginiana	Virginia spiderwort		L+
Tragopogon dubius	lemon-yellow goat’s beard		L+
Tragopogon porrifolius	salsify		L+
Tragopogon pratensis	meadow goat’s beard		L+
Triadenum fraseri	marsh St. John’s-wort		L2
Triantha glutinosa	sticky false asphodel		LX
Trichophorum alpinum	alpine club-rush		L2
Trichophorum planifolium	shy bulrush		LX
Trifolium arvense	rabbit-foot clover		L+
Trifolium aureum	greater hop clover		L+
Trifolium campestre	low hop clover		L+
Trifolium fragiferum ssp. bonannii	strawberry clover		L+
Trifolium hybridum	alsike clover		L+
Trifolium incarnatum	crimson clover		L+
Trifolium medium	zig-zag clover		L+
Trifolium pratense	red clover		L+
Trifolium repens	white clover		L+
Triglochin maritima	seaside arrow-grass		L1
Triglochin palustris	marsh arrow-grass		LX
Trillidium undulatum	painted trillium		L1
Trillium cernuum	nodding trillium		L2
Trillium cuneatum	sweet toadshade trillium		L+
Trillium erectum	red trillium		L4
Trillium grandiflorum	white trillium		L4
Trillium luteum	yellow trillium		L+
Triosteum aurantiacum var. aurantiacum	wild coffee		L3
Tripleurospermum inodorum	scentless chamomile		L+
Triticum aestivum	wheat		L+
Trollius europaeus	European globeflower		L+
Tsuga canadensis	eastern hemlock		L4
Tulipa gesneriana	garden tulip		L+
Tulipa sylvestris	wild tulip		L+
Turritis glabra	tower mustard		L3
Tussilago farfara	coltsfoot		L+
Typha angustifolia	narrow-leaved cattail		L+
Typha latifolia	broad-leaved cattail		L4
Typha x glauca	hybrid cattail		L+
Ulmus americana	white elm		L5
Ulmus glabra	Scotch elm		L+
Ulmus pumila	Siberian elm		L+
Ulmus rubra	slippery elm		L3
Ulmus thomasii	rock elm		L3
Ulmus x arbuscula	hybrid scrub elm		L+
Uniola paniculata	sea-oats		L+
Urtica dioica ssp. dioica	European stinging nettle		L+
Urtica gracilis ssp. gracilis	American stinging nettle		L5
Urtica urens	dwarf nettle		L+
Utricularia gibba	humped bladderwort		L2
Utricularia intermedia	flat-leaved bladderwort		L1
Utricularia minor	small bladderwort		L2
Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza	common bladderwort		L3
Uvularia grandiflora	large-flowered bellwort		L3
Vaccinium angustifolium	lowbush blueberry		L2
Vaccinium corymbosum	highbush blueberry		L1
Vaccinium macrocarpon	large cranberry		L1
Vaccinium myrtilloides	velvet-leaf blueberry		L3
Vaccinium oxycoccos	small cranberry		L2
Vaccinium pallidum	hillside blueberry		L2
Valeriana officinalis	common valerian		L+
Valeriana uliginosa	swamp valerian		L1
Vallisneria americana	tape-grass		L2
Verbascum blattaria	moth mullein		L+
Verbascum lychnitis ssp. lychnitis	white mullein		L+
Verbascum nigrum	dark mullein		L+
Verbascum phlomoides	clasping mullein		L+
Verbascum thapsus ssp. thapsus	common mullein		L+
Verbena bonariensis	cluster-top vervain		L+
Verbena bracteata	creeping vervain		L+
Verbena hastata	blue vervain		L5
Verbena simplex	slender vervain		L2
Verbena stricta	hoary vervain		L3
Verbena urticifolia	white vervain		L5
Verbena x engelmannii	hybrid vervain		L4
Verbesina alternifolia	wingstem		L+
Vernonia gigantea	tall ironweed		L+
Vernonia missurica	Missouri ironweed		L+
Veronica americana	American speedwell		L4
Veronica anagallis-aquatica	water speedwell		L+
Veronica arvensis	corn speedwell		L+
Veronica catenata	pink water speedwell		L3
Veronica chamaedrys	germander speedwell		L+
Veronica filiformis	hair-like speedwell		L+
Veronica longifolia	long-leaved speedwell		L+
Veronica officinalis	common speedwell		L+
Veronica peregrina ssp. peregrina	purslane speedwell		L+?
Veronica persica	Persian speedwell		L+
Veronica scutellata	marsh speedwell		L4
Veronica serpyllifolia	thyme-leaved speedwell		L+
Veronica teucrium	broad-leaved speedwell		L+
Veronica verna	spring speedwell		L+
Veronicastrum virginicum	Culver’s root		L+
Viburnum acerifolium	maple-leaved viburnum		L3
Viburnum cassinoides	withe-rod		L2
Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum	southern arrow-wood		L+
Viburnum farreri	Farrer’s viburnum		L+
Viburnum lantana	wayfaring tree		L+
Viburnum lantanoides	hobblebush		L2
Viburnum lentago	nannyberry		L5
Viburnum opulus var. americanum	American highbush cranberry		L2
Viburnum opulus var. opulus	European highbush cranberry		L+
Viburnum rafinesqueanum	downy arrow-wood		L2
Vicia americana var. americana	American vetch		LU
Vicia cracca	cow vetch		L+
Vicia sativa var. angustifolia	common vetch		L+
Vicia tetrasperma	slender vetch		L+
Vicia villosa var. villosa	hairy vetch		L+
Vinca minor	periwinkle		L+
Vincetoxicum nigrum	black swallow-wort		L+
Vincetoxicum rossicum	dog-strangling vine		L+
Viola adunca var. adunca	hooked-spur violet		L1
Viola affinis	Le Conte’s violet		L4
Viola arvensis	field pansy		L+
Viola blanda	sweet white violet		L3
Viola canadensis var. canadensis	Canada violet		L3
Viola cucullata	marsh blue violet		L4
Viola labradorica	dog violet		L5
Viola macloskeyi	northern white violet		L3
Viola odorata	sweet violet		L+
Viola pubescens	stemmed yellow violet (sensu lato)		L5
Viola pubescens var. pubescens	downy yellow violet		L5
Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula	smooth yellow violet		L5
Viola renifolia	kidney-leaved violet		L3
Viola rostrata	long-spurred violet		L3
Viola sagittata var. ovata	arrow-leaved violet		L1
Viola selkirkii	Selkirk’s violet		L3
Viola sororia	common blue violet		L5
Viola tricolor	Johnny jump-up		L+
Vitis aestivalis	summer grape		LU
Vitis labrusca	fox grape		L+
Vitis riparia	riverbank grape		L5
Wisteria sinensis	Chinese wisteria		L+
Wolffia borealis	dotted water-meal		L4
Wolffia columbiana	Columbia water-meal		L4
Xanthium spinosum	spiny cocklebur		L+
Xanthium strumarium	clotbur		L5
Yucca flaccida	soft-leaved yucca		L+
Zannichellia palustris	horned pondweed		L1
Zanthoxylum americanum	prickly-ash		L3
Zea mays	maize		L+
Zelkova carpinifolia	Caucasian zelkova		L+
Zizania aquatica var. aquatica	southern wild rice		LX
Zizania palustris var. palustris	northern wild rice		L1
Zizia aurea	golden Alexanders		L3

LEGEND (Based on information from the Toronto Regional Conservation Authority)

SOURCE: Toronto Regional Conservation Authority, https://trca.ca, 2023